Honor in Thorstein The Staff-Struck :: Thorstein Staff-Struck

Honor in Thorstein The Staff-StruckHonor is something that is earned, but it must also be defended in order to beupheld in the look of all. In Thorstein The Staff-Struck ones respect is based on theirhonor alone. Honor is the essence of a life worth living. In this story, a life without honormeans that the life is worthless. Death is better than having no honor. Men will easily admit their lives without second mentation to earn, and protect it. Honors role in Thorsteinthe Staff-Struck takes on several roles, but all of them are to achieve one super C goal.The various roles take on the common goal of achieving honor itself. Thorsteins nick-name the Staff-Struck is a strain on his honor because hismasculinity is being questioned after his first gear bout with Thord. Thorsteins first reactionto the blow to his head by Thords staff is not thought of as being honorable. He didntrespond in a way that would defend his honor. He needed to stand up for himself toaccomplish that trying tas k.. His response to Thords blow was thought of as a cowardsresponse. That meant his honor had been shamed by his own action, or lack of the correctactions. After that, Thorsteins integrity was belittled in the eyes of others. Ones honor lies not only in the eyes of ones self, but also in the words, and eyes of all present, andaround. Thorstein had to visit his honor in the eyes of the spectators for himself.Thorsteins father prompted his vengeance though. Thorstein could not simply sit back,and be humiliated by his own father. That was just also much for him to deal with, nor didhe want to try. He knew he must honor his father by bringing, and restoring honor tohimself. His response, although late, was honorable. Timing is a crucial incision ofvengeance in this story though. Bijarni, the ruler of Hof, had a different role in society,but his honor was still of great importance. Bijarnis honor was questioned by hisservants, his wife, and others because they felt his reverence had b een stained byThorstein. His lack of action against Thorstein made him weak in the eyes of others. Hehad been challenged, but he had not that accepted the challenge. When honor is seen as challenged there must be action taken or soundness will be questioned. Thorhall andThorvald questioned Bijarnis honor in gossip, and in rumor. Bijarni then instructed thetwo to leave, and return with Thorsteins head, as he can not stand by while his servants

Oedipus The King: Images Of Blindness :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

Oedipus the King has many images of blindness, both physical and blindness of the mind. The characters surrounding these images are Oedipus and Tiresias the prophet. When the play begins Oedipus has vision and Tiresias ratnot see, but by the end of the play, it is clear who can really see and who is blind.When Oedipus first encounters Tiresias, the blind prophet proceeds to tell Oedipus after much pressure that Oedipus is the one who has brought the huge plague down upon Thebes and that he is the murderer he has sent the residents of the city to find and cast away. Although Tiresias is visually impaired, he can still see the accuracy of the contingency. However, Oedipus is blind to the truth and immediately begins accusing Tiresias of being involved in a conspiracy with Creon to overthrow him as king. Oedipus casts insults at Tiresias about his blindness say You have no strength, blind in your ears, your reason and your eyes. (374-375). Tiresias responds by saying that the insul ts Oedipus has hurled will before long come back upon him. He also tells Oedipus that what has brought him splendour is the very luck that will ruin him. Tiresias says Blind who could see, a beggar who was rich, through foreign lands hell go and point before him with a stick, (460) implying that although Oedipus can see now, the truth will eventually blind him and cause him to loose all he has.Oedipus remains blind to the truth until he can disclaim it no longer. After hearing the testimony of the herdsman it is perfectly clear to Oedipus that he has fulfilled the prophecy by killing his father and marrying his mother, in routine bringing the great misfortune about the city of Thebes. Upon discovering this, along with discovering Jocastas dead body, Oedipus blinds himself with the pins on her dress and shouts that his eyes would no longer see the evils he had suffered or had done, see in the dark those he should not have seen.

The Epic Education of Achilles in Homers The Iliad Essay -- Iliad Ess

The Epic Education of Achilles in Homers The IliadDr. Flys comments This subject was well-organized and developed the thesis was argued in a logical vogue material from primary and secondary sources was well-documented and integrated smoothly into the text the authors style was clear, with varied and sophisticated sentence structures and cover vocabulary and the paper demonstrated excellent command of grammar and mechanics. Within the annals of epic literature, the celebrated role of epic hero has always been present, heralding the poems themes done the actions of a single, extraordinary protagonist. well-knit and courageous, he is caught within the nets of mortality, and, at times, he may struggle to replace his worldly desires with celestial knowledge. In profound ways, he clear even be the mythological ideals of a civilization, and, through his many perilous adventures and profound encounters, the course of his identity may shift in focus towards something great t han himself. Through this commute in his character, one can observe the universal plight of humanity in greater detail and discover how one mustiness overcome indisputable obstacles to understand the complex nature of the gods. In Homers The Iliad, such an epic education can be found within the account of Achilles, who, through his slow passageway from an excessively angry brooder to a compassionate symbol of self-sacrifice, matures into a character that is more in tune with divine enlightenment. At the ancestry of The Iliad, Achilles is detect as being insulted by Agamemnon and getting caught within a web of anger this state of rage distinguishes the ignorance of his character at the beginning of his education. The pinnacle of t... ...elf that plant beyond the superficial weaknesses that plague the journeys of all men. Works Cited Clark, Matthew. Chryses Supplication Speech Act and Mythological Allusion. Classical Antiquity 17 (1998) 5-20. grow Academic ASAP. Online.LOUIS. 28 Nov.2001. Homer. The Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. invigorated York Penguin, 1991. Redfield, James M. The Wrath of Achilles as Tragic Error. Essays on The Iliad Selected Modem Criticism. Ed. John Wright. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1978. 85-92. King, Katherine C. Achilles Paradigms of the War Hero from Homer to the Middle Ages. Berkeley U of atomic number 20 P, 1987. Schein, Seth L. The lethal Hero An Introduction to Homers Iliad. Berkeley U of California P, 1984. Van Nortwick, Thomas. Somewhere I Have Never Traveled the Second Self and the Heros pilgrimage in antediluvian Epic. New York Oxford UP, 1992. The Epic Education of Achilles in Homers The Iliad Essay -- Iliad EssThe Epic Education of Achilles in Homers The IliadDr. Flys comments This paper was well-organized and developed the thesis was argued in a logical fashion material from primary and secondary sources was well-documented and integrated smoothly into the text the authors style was clear, with vari ed and sophisticated sentence structures and concrete vocabulary and the paper demonstrated excellent command of grammar and mechanics. Within the annals of epic literature, the celebrated role of epic hero has always been present, heralding the poems themes through the actions of a single, extraordinary protagonist. Strong and courageous, he is caught within the nets of mortality, and, at times, he may struggle to replace his worldly desires with celestial knowledge. In profound ways, he can even embody the mythological ideals of a civilization, and, through his many perilous adventures and profound encounters, the course of his identity may shift in focus towards something greater than himself. Through this change in his character, one can observe the universal plight of humanity in greater detail and discover how one must overcome certain obstacles to understand the complex nature of the gods. In Homers The Iliad, such an epic education can be found within the account of Achilles, who, through his slow transition from an excessively angry brooder to a compassionate symbol of self-sacrifice, matures into a character that is more in tune with divine enlightenment. At the beginning of The Iliad, Achilles is observed as being insulted by Agamemnon and getting caught within a web of anger this state of rage distinguishes the ignorance of his character at the beginning of his education. The pinnacle of t... ...elf that lay beyond the superficial weaknesses that plague the journeys of all men. Works Cited Clark, Matthew. Chryses Supplication Speech Act and Mythological Allusion. Classical Antiquity 17 (1998) 5-20. Expanded Academic ASAP. Online.LOUIS.28 Nov.2001. Homer. The Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York Penguin, 1991. Redfield, James M. The Wrath of Achilles as Tragic Error. Essays on The Iliad Selected Modem Criticism. Ed. John Wright. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1978. 85-92. King, Katherine C. Achilles Paradigms of the War Hero from Homer to the Mid dle Ages. Berkeley U of California P, 1987. Schein, Seth L. The Mortal Hero An Introduction to Homers Iliad. Berkeley U of California P, 1984. Van Nortwick, Thomas. Somewhere I Have Never Traveled the Second Self and the Heros Journey in Ancient Epic. New York Oxford UP, 1992.

Artificial Intelligence Essay -- Technology, Computers

Of all the technological developments of the modern age, none is as complex as factitious intelligence. The idea that a non-human, manufactured entity could advance to a point of emulating human behavior is enough to make people shiver. The idea of something so advanced that we leave not be able to tell the difference may be even worse. In 1961 Philip Dick wrote Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. It portrayed a world with these exact characteristics. Artificial cognizance had advanced to a point of near-perfect human replication. In creating this world, Dick was echoing the speculations and fears of a.i. that had build up by that time. It would thus continue to influence those opinions in the years after.It is necessary to look at the development of artificial intelligence in order to put this idea into context. The plan of intelligent and aware constructs began to emerge in the 1950s and 60s as several scientists in many fields came together to discuss the possibilities of a dvanced computer research. The first major step was a scientific conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. Here, the general concepts and possible paths of research for a.i. were fleshed out. As described in Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach, this conference was the birth of artificial intelligence. This was mostly a theoretical full stop yet attending experts predicted that with a huge investment, working engine room could be available in a generation (16). After being officially established, a.i. research and discovery exploded. Computer programs, a brand new idea, were already conquering algebra problems and speech recognition. Some could even reproduce English (18). It was clear that artificial intelligence research was going to be at the fo... .... Each stage of development increases our reliance and this in turn promotes advancement. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep described a dark world where artificial intelligences and gentlemans gentleman came into a estab lish of conflict. Its predictions and ramifications are not easily dismissed and hold true even today. We are already seeing a.i. surpass humans in some fields. IBMs WATSON has passed humanity in terms of intellect. It will be some time before it is self-aware of that fact, but it is a milestone nonetheless. We also have artificial slaves in some small sense of the word. Machines to much of the heavy labor previously done by man. Massive assembly plants now only employ a few technicians to watch overt the computers. While a far cry away from slavery, the process has begun. We are addicted too we usefulness of machines and the addiction is unsurmountable to cure.

brave new world :: essays research papers

The novel stout New macrocosm, by Aldous Huxley, is a history book written for the future. The author envisions our society in the future and the on the hook(predicate) direction it is headed in. Brave New World verse reality creates similarities between these two worlds. Our society is based on balance and when that balance is broken, unhappiness accrues. If the legality was hidden, happiness could never be disturbed.In chapter sixteen, Mustapha Mond explains why their society hides the truth and how the truth could cause pain. Soma is used in the Brave New World to prevent the truth or any clichs that could cause unhappiness. Lenina, A gramme is always better than a damn, A gramme in sentence saves nine. In reality we call that drug abuse. Drug addicts use different substances to escape the harsh reality of truth. Living without the drugs seems unimaginable and frightening in both(prenominal) worlds.Hypnopaedia is used to teach populate their way of life and moral lessons. In the story a young boy named Ruben Rabinovivch fell asleep with the radio on listening to a professor giving a lecture. When he awoke the next morning he could recite the facts, but did not know what they meant. In our society, people use similar tactics with tapes to learn and memorize facts. Also propaganda and advertisements are use to convince or even to control our way of thinking into what the advertiser wants us to believe. If someone in the Brave New World society does not follow the propaganda, they are considered abnormal and an outcast. We do the same in our real reality by not accepting someone in our group if he has different beliefs, culture or religion.I consider the Nine age War to be compared to the war in Afghanistan. The biochemical warfare is used in both worlds. Our civilization today is concerned and scared. If the truth were hidden, as to the Brave New World maybe our society would be happy, too.

brave new world :: essays research papers

The novel Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, is a history book written for the future. The author envisions our friendship in the future and the dangerous direction it is headed in. Brave New World verse reality creates similarities amidst these two worlds. Our society is based on balance and when that balance is broken, unhappiness accrues. If the justness was hidden, happiness could never be disturbed.In chapter sixteen, Mustapha Mond explains why their society hides the truth and how the truth could cause pain. Soma is use in the Brave New World to prevent the truth or any clichs that could cause unhappiness. Lenina, A gramme is always better than a damn, A gramme in time saves nine. In reality we call that drug abuse. Drug addicts use contrastive substances to escape the harsh reality of truth. Living without the drugs seems unimaginable and frightening in both worlds.Hypnopaedia is used to teach people their way of life and moral lessons. In the story a young boy named Rube n Rabinovivch fell asleep with the radio on listening to a professor giving a lecture. When he awoke the beside morning he could recite the facts, but did not know what they meant. In our society, people use similar tactics with tapes to learn and memorize facts. Also propaganda and advertisements argon use to convince or even to control our way of thinking into what the advertiser wants us to believe. If someone in the Brave New World society does not follow the propaganda, they are considered abnormal and an outcast. We do the same in our current reality by not accepting someone in our sort out if he has different beliefs, culture or religion.I consider the Nine Years War to be compared to the war in Afghanistan. The biochemical warfare is used in both worlds. Our civilization today is concerned and scared. If the truth were hidden, as to the Brave New World maybe our society would be happy, too.

Security Monitoring

Security Monitoring Amy Smart CMGT/442 University of Phoenix Online Instructor James Summerlin April 15,2013 Security Monitoring In this paper we will be discussing bail monitoring techniques that can and should be used within an organization to help put together an solid action plan when there is an risk identified. For some(prenominal) business or organization to ensure that they are conducting quality business to their customers as well as achieving their business goals should consider risk management as an huge part of their organization. Security Monitoring ProcessThe organization IT department and e- commerce applications are the ones that conduct earnest monitoring and measuring. Security monitoring is very important, because it is the lick of preventing attacks and responding to threats that could happen in the future. An organizations can prevent small risk from turning into a bigger and more expensive problem by taking duty tour dance steps. The IT department should be monitoring the system at all times and it must be implemented both externally and internally. However the first step each organization should take when starting the monitoring system is to first discuss what a potential risk is.For an organization to truly have an gear up system they must determine an list of risk. Businesses and organizations can use security monitoring to ensure both integrity and confidentiality for sensitive information. As well as holding IT administrators responsible for keeping their organizations sensitive and financial assets safe and secure from abdicable eyes. Internal IT and Secure Monitoring Processes The security monitoring activities that should be conducted in an organization with both internal IT payroll, human resources, inventory, world(a) ledger, inventory monitoring.However these internal structures constantly grow and increase revenue and the possible risks are also unceasingly growing and increasing. So for an organization to urinate s ure that there information is safe and secure they will have to make sure that they have their lucre secure. There are an number of tools an business or organization could use to help keep the net bring in secure, but we will only be discussing a few. The first step would be to create an good an strong password. The pros on having an password would be that it helps to protect unwanted users on their estimators.However employees could forget the password so the organization would have to decide if that was an problem then they may want to have an only IT members knowing the password. Then we would have to decide which network firewall would work best for their business. The network firewall is very important to have, because it protects the network from unwanted users and can be used from small company networks to large corporate system. Another capital tool to use to keep the organization network secure internet filtering software and monitoring tools, which would be used to prot ect their employers from inappropriate usage from their employees.Lastly exposure judicial decision and penetration testing is an very great tool to use, because any company that does any business online should and needs to perform an regular vulnerability assessment on their network. The next step in keeping all the organization personal and financial information secure would be to set in power an antivirus protection. Antivirus is important to have because it will protect the computer and the information store in it safe from virus that can wreak havoc on your computer and the information store upon it as well.However antivirus cannot do it alone so by also making sure the organization computer are always up-to- troth and running properly is another step closer to being fully protected. Some examples of Antivirus software would be Norton, AVG, Shield Deluxe, or Panda Antivirus Pro, and all are very good antivirus software to use to keep their computers safe and secure. Data se curity is the next step in which an organization needs to take to make sure that their whole system is safe and secure from the inside out. Establishing an strong password is the first level of defense to keeping information secure.The next would be to make sure that there is an strong firewall, by having firewalls in place will help to keep the network properly protected from viruses and hackers. Data security is also achieved by having antivirus and anti- malware which is an systems last line of defense if everything else has failed. Having an organizations computer systems up to date and running properly is another great step to keeping their data safe, because if their computer software is not up to date then it wont be able to provide the upmost protection towards their personal data.Performing backups to the external hard generate is the best way to insure that all the data is stored safely. Then lastly is to have their IT department monitor diligently so that they can look for special information coming out of their network. In conclusion we have discussed the security monitoring activities that should be conducted in an organization with both internal IT payroll, human resources, inventory, general ledger, inventory monitoring. As well as how important each one of these activities are and how they help to monitor and keep their system safe and secure from unwanted eyes.

My glimpses of Jane Austen Essay

Inspite of my acquaintance with the gains of many great writers, Austens fictions have fascinated me much more than the others .I feel greatly elated to vizor that the great Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson placed both the Giant of English Literature, William Shakespeare and Jane Austen on the same pedestal. What Shakespeare achieved through his 37 plays and 154 sonnets, Austen accomplished with her six novels Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, Persuasion, plume and Prejudice and some minor works like Lady Susan, The Watsons which is highly commendable. Less number of novels she wrote but great was her achievement is what one can think about Jane Austen. What is so special about Austen that she topped the list of writers of her age? What makes her different from her contemporaries ? What are the special features of her novels and what makes them remarkable are some of the everyday queries . This paper will bring forth some of my views with speci al emphasis on her masterpiece Pride and Prejudice.Having been groomed in a scholarly family Austens success as a writer may not seem phenomenal . Many may label Austens achievement as clean luck or proficient fortune . just there is much that contributes to the prodigious personality of the writer . Unlike her predecessors or contemporaries who tried their hand in various forms of literature it is lookworthy that Austen prospered through the sole literary form the novel .As one browses through her six novels one will definitely note some striking positions which are persistent in every(prenominal) of them. Austen might have chosen for her subject the restricted social life she had and thus all the six novels share similar features. Yet never do the novels cause boredom and each one of them is interesting in its own way .In event she has a tremendous capacity to sustain the interest of the reader from the beginning till the end. Apropos the less number of novels she wrote, it is more of a question of eccentric vs quantity.SOME ASPECTS OF HER NOVELS* Austen is the exponent of the social life of the sophisticated society of her age. Her novels chiefly depict the social life of the early decades of nineteenth century.* Austen wrote essentially domestic fiction. accordingly domestic affairs form the heart and soul of her novels.* Women occupy a very important position in her novels . Austens novels are famous for their lively heroines who gain more prominence than the heroes .She lays bare before us the feminine psyche with great precision.* The themes of love ,courtship, marriage , elopement, and love for propertykeep recurring. Ballrooms coat the way for courtship. Matchmaking was the birth right of every mother. Falling in love was considered a gateway to marriage. Attachment was essentially artificial, bound by selfish motives. plainly males inherited property and so women had to unite to gain financial security. In a family where there was no mal e to inherit ,the estate was to be transferred to the dames husband . A man was judged only through his social status. Thus a man lacking fortune always preferred to marry a lady with good fortune. These are some of the ideas, which form the backbone for Austens novels.* Austens style is simple and lucid, but appeals to the intellect. Henry Austen in his biographical Notice wrote Everything came finished from her pen for on all subjects she had ideas as clear as her expressions were well chosen * As said earlier Austen dealt with similar subjects in her novels but had individualistic approach towards each of them. She made use of embellishments such as wit, humour and irony which give her novels a brilliant effect.* Austen aimed at meliorate finish as far as characterization was concerned . While pointing at the meritorious qualities of her protagonists Austen doesnt fail to expose the follies of the men and women who posed to operate to the elegant class of the society . She artistically handled the affectation and hypocrisy of the upper class . People faced problems overdue to their own shortcomings.* Another outstanding aspect of her novels is the opening lines which set the tone of the novel .It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife -The opening line of Pride and Prejudice hints the witty and ironic tone of the novel.PRIDE AND injuryPride and Prejudice is Austens best loved book, as she claimed it to be brilliant and light. The novel is at once satirical , witty , ironical and jesting .It was originally titled First Impressions for the novel centers around the impressions of the tribe about each other at their first meeting which turn out to be wrong and superficial . However Austen later chose the title Pride and Prejudice, more appropriate, for the novel also deals with the consequence of the characters impressions, that is their pride or prejudice.though Austen wrote f ive other good novels, this particular one is considered her chef doeuvre. The novel gained heights because it penetrates deep into the human race mind. All the characters in the novel are supra ground and their prototypes can even be found in the contemporary society . Austens skilful handling of the character sketches alone makes it an extraordinary work of art.MY NOTES ON PRIDE AND PREJUDICEIn my opinion Austens genius lies in her endeavour to infuse the principles of life in her novels. Her novels overcome the barriers of time, tradition and culture. Subjects relating to existing life appeal every one of us, for we identify ourselves with the characters and the happenings in the novel. Pride and Prejudice is primarily based on human motives and the conflicts involved in human life. As I turn the pages of the novel everything appears real to me. There is nothing illusory or melodramatic .The characters of the novel seem to be my acquaintances in life. It is a marvel that Austen at the age of twenty-one mirrored with exactness the philosophy of life, seeking refuge in common themes like love and marriage. This sole novel is an evidence for Austens fully developed intellect and her matured personality.Human tendency is such that we initiate trouble and end solving it ourselves. Attitude plays an infixed role in life. Negative and positive placements bring results accordingly. Reversal of wrong attitudes and visualization of things in the correct perspective alone pave way for a happy living. This forms the basis of the novel.Attitudes precede outcomes. Elizabeth dislikes Darcy in their first meeting itself. She is prejudiced against him for his pride. Above all Elizabeths aversion is due to a personal interruption for she says, I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine and this attitude of hers prevents her from comprehending Darcys true nature. This is very common in life. We hate people and deny acknowledging their good qualities just because they offend us in one way or the other. Elizabeths bad opinion about Darcy creates such fate that she is always against him until she reverses her attitude. When Elizabeth changes her mind, Darcy also transforms which does her good.As Elizabeth notes, Darcy is very proud of his wealth, status and everything else .His money made him look good. But his pride swallowed his good qualities. Darcy mingles only with inferior people to proclaim his superiority. Thats why he chooses Elizabeth, who is beneath him as his prospective wife and not the rich, beautiful Miss Bingley. However Darcy loves Elizabeth only for her personality. His snobbish attitude creates trouble for him. The moment he realizes his mistake and stoops to conquer his lover everything turns alright.Mrs. bennet is another such character whose attitude plays an important role in her life. Mrs. Bennets desire to get her five misss married is nothing wrong. Every mother has the wish to see her little girl we ll settled in life. But Mrs. Bennets approach and attitude turns things wrong for her. She devises cheap plans to procure husbands for her daughters. While machinating to bring Jane and Bingley together, she forces Jane to go on a horse on a rainy day (when the carriage is available) to Mr. Bingleys house so that she may get wet, fall ill and stay with the Bingleys for a couple of days. Mrs. Bennet purview that she was creating an opportunity for Jane but it results in the Bingley sisters thinking low of her family. Though they like Jane they reject her because of her mothers uncouth behaviour .Mrs. Bennet foils her own daughters prospects of getting married because of her thoughtlessness. Hoping to win the army officers for her daughters, Mrs. Bennet gives Lydia and Kitty too much freedom. This results in Lydia running away with the rogue called Wickham .It is not Lydias elopement, which hurts Mrs. Bennet but the consequences. Mrs. Bennet finds Lydias running away distressing but her marriage pleasing. She hardly realizes that Lydia is her parallel and she has a share in her daughters shameless conduct. Never does she accept her follies unlike her husband. On the other hand she blames others unnecessarily. Finally Mrs. Bennet gets three of her daughters married which may be due to her persistent attempts.Manner and behavior is something purely external of an individual. It is attitude, which counts as far as moulding of ones character is concerned, is what I feel is the pith conveyed by Austen in her novel.

Manual Washing Machine

http//www. bukisa. com/articles/38621_review-of-related-literature-renewable- faculty The acquisition of renewable energy can not only provide a stable and detain energy in a country but also can lead to further growth and advancement of a countrys state. http//wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_ utilitys_of_manual_ wash drawing_machines An advantage is that it saves time so you arent using a whole day for your washing Written by Joanna Hoang http//www. greeniacs. om/GreeniacsGuides/Energy/Manual- wash drawing-Machine. html Manual Washing Machine Washing machines can cost hundreds and even thousands of dollars a year to run depending on your washing machine type, whether or not you use hot, warm, or cold water, your energy companys prices, water companys prices, and the number of loads you run per week Most significantly, roughly ninety percent of the energy use by washing machines just goes towards heating water 1So, how about a bike bicycle-powered washing machine? Currently, ther e are many different designs and ideas for pedal powered washing machines. The goals differ, but they include reducing energy and water consumption and costs, and increasing accessibility for people who cannot afford and/or do not have the energy capacity to own conventionally powered washing machines. By now you are probably wondering how you can manage to pee-pee your hands on a pedal powered washing machineUnfortunately, at this time there are no pedal powered washing machines available for mass production and thus for purchase by consumers. However, if you are handy with tools you can build your own BENEFITS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Medium to High. Using a pedal powered washing machine will help you use significantly less energy and save water. COSTS Low Medium judgment of conviction AND EFFORT Extremely High

Shackleton Moral Challenge

Earnest Shackleton Moral Ch each(prenominal)enge Earnest Shackleton, leader of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition showed enceinte moral lead in the choosing, leading and ultimate saving of his conclave of 27 men. Shackleton led his men with force and respect. He had a great magnate to showcase the strength of individual men, while leading them as a team. In choosing his crew, he not only verbalismed at the work that they would do, scarcely also how they would interact with the stay put of the men. In the most trying of circumstances.Once it became apparent that the original mark of the mission was lost, Shackleton kept his crew working together towards the common goal of survival. Shackleton shows great leader transfer using six fundamental leadership traits Planning, Team Building, Flexibility, Communication, Conflict Resolution, and Lead by Example. (Harris 21) Even as a child, Shackleton was seen as both a strong leader and an empathetic fri extirpate. A classmate r e recollected that Shackleton had beaten up a schoolyard bully who had been picking on a smaller boy.From an early age, Shackleton gravitated to the division of protector, stepping up to the front to insist on fair play. (Morrell and Capparell, 17) Shackleton has a history of putting his men above the goal. In 1907, he was 97 miles from the South rod when he turned back in order to return his party safely back to the ship. This ability to both lead and protect would prove to be invaluable in the Trans-Antarctic expedition. Shackleton plans his expedition carefully. He is aware of the environment and conditions, having been on expeditions in the Antarctic and to the South Pole in the past.He overstocks on alimentation to keep his men fed and stimulated. There was food, books, music and the best equipment available at the time, including rations to prevent scurvy and specially designed tents. Shackleton only takes risks when necessary and when lives were at stake. He a lot referr ed to himself as Old Cautious and took pleasure when his men called him the same. (Morrell and Capparell, 34) Shackleton built the crew list around a nucleus of tested veterans. (Lansing, 16) These include men who had been with him in expeditions to the Antarctic with Scott (1901, 1910-1911) or the race to the pole (1908-1909).Other crew members were chosen with their personalities and ability to work together in mind. Shackleton hired a meteorologist with practically no qualifications for the position, simply because he thought that he looked funny and had recently returned from an expedition to the Sudan. One surgeon was hired in part because he joked about wearing glasses. Another was asked if he was good natured and if he could sing. Despite the instantaneous nature of these decisions, Shackletons intuition of selecting compatible men rarely failed. (Lansing, 17) Shackleton shows an ability to change his tactics and goals during the course of the expedition. At the start, he i s focused on the goal of a trans-Antarctic crossing. When it becomes apparent that the courage is locked in ice and the crossing result not happen, he focuses on the immediate need to survive the upcoming Antarctic winter. He was careful, however, not to betray his disappointment to the men, and he cheerfully oversee the routine of readying the ship for the long winters night ahead. (Lansing, 34) Once it is determined that the ship is being crushed, the focus lies on moving to, and living on, the ice floe. As the ice is breaking up, Shackleton sets his sights on land. The unpredictable winds and currents are what finally determine the choice of Elephant Island. This is a rocky, uninhabited island, but it was land, and a home base where the men could stay while he led a small crew of six in a single boat to South tabun Island. Communication is an important facet of Shackletons leadership. He is available to his men, but still keeps enough of a distance to main(prenominal)tain au thority and order.His men call him boss. This shows a sense of familiarity they dont feel that they need to call him Captain Shackleton, but also respect for his position and that they look to him as their leader. Shackleton shows a great skill in talking to his crew so that they work well together. When Vincent, a member of the crew tries to gain advancement with the use of tyranny, Shackleton listens to the complaints of the other crewmembers, speaks to Vincent privately and the behavior is corrected. It is not known what was said, but the attitude was improved.This shows an ability to both manage a potential bad situation, but also to do it privately so that Vincent is not reprimanded in front of his co-workers. Shackleton seeks the advice and opinions of the crew when determining a course of action, allowing them to have a say in the decision. However, when it comes time to make the decision, Shackleton takes full ownership and sees it through. Conflicts were bound to arise du ring the course of the expedition and Shackleton used a variety of means to avoid or end the conflicts in a timely manner.Knowing the personalities of his crew was an asset. Shackleton knew that Hurley had an ego that needed to be stroked and included him in many of the high level meetings to prove that he was important to the expedition. Certain crew members were more negative and prone to cause problems. In their tents on the ice, Shackleton ensured that the ability of such bad actors to erode morale was analyse by having them reside in Shackletons own tent or Wilds tent. (Chappell, 2) Shackleton leads by example.He does not take special privileges for himself and often works harder than his men. He is the first one up and the last one to sleep often staying up to watch the ice and the currents so that his men net rest. Shackleton also leads the final crew in the more than 700 mile trip from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island. He shows a positive attitude at all times, wh ich keeps his crew optimistic as they work together to survive. This is no small feat as he is responsible for 27 lives and has to give up the main goal of the expedition, which was to cross the Antarctic.Shackleton never gives up. Even after he reaches the whaling station on South Georgia Island, he does not wait for a ship to be delivered to rescue his men. As he has done the entire journey, he uses the resources available until he is able to meet his goal of bringing his entire crew back to safety and civilization. I believe that Shackleton shows moral leadership in that he is more concerned for his crew than he is for himself and his reputation as an explorer. kind of of following Scotts example of meeting the original goal, he considers the consequences of losing his crew and chooses tone over glory. Scott ruled by brute force an intimidation. He refused to look beyond his goals and while he did reach the South Pole, he also lost his life and the lives of his crew in the proce ss. Shackleton showed a respect for others his entire life and this did not change when he became a leader of expeditions. He turned back from the South Pole in 1909 because he felt that reaching his goal would sacrifice his crew.During the Endurance expedition he sets the goal for survival and rescue and sees it through to the end. No lives were lost and his crew shows respect and obedience to the boss throughout. Endurance scholar Caroline Alexander says that the crew had a saying about Sir Earnest For scientific discovery give me Scott. For speed and efficiency give me Amundsen. barely when youre in a hopeless case and disaster strikes, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton. Works Cited Lansing, Alfred. Endurance Shackletons Incredible Voyage.New York Carroll and Graf, 1959. Harris, Michael. leading in a Time of Crisis The Shackleton Way. E Academic Affairs, 2003 14-28. Jan 15, 2012. http//www. iuk. edu/chancellor/assets/pdf/leadership-in-a-time-of-crisis. pdf Morrel l, Margo and Capparell, Stephanie. Shackletons Way Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer. New York Viking Penguin, 2001. Chappell, Charles. Shackletons Leadership of the Endurance Expedition. Wharton administrator MBA Program, Class of 2001. Pages 1-5

Policies Introduced in the Past 25 Years Related to Education

Over the past 25 years, contrasting policies befool been put in place to influence the culture system in contrastive ways. Some sociologist would say that the main aim of these policies were to turn up in the marketization of the education system. Other sociologist would disagree they believe that trying to take a crap less inequality was the main intention when It comes to the educational reform. When the New Labour came to power, it pay heedmed that policies they were in favour of were more aimed towards trying to earn less inequality of different schools.One policy The New Labour introduced was free places in nurseries, this would ensure children from all backgrounds started educational development early and started to gain skills needed to start school. This would also impart working class p arnts a chance to go out and work whilst their child is at nursery. They also introduced Educational Action Zones these areas of deprivation were giving otiose funding in order to le ssen the inequality between these schools in worse areas to the schools in break off areas.This is trying to give people of worse monetary areas a better chance to gain access to good schools, and not just be limited to worse performing schools just because they live in a poorer area. They also introduced The EMA award, this was to try and scram pupils to stay on in education past ages 16 (college, sixth form, apprenticeships etc. ) because if the pupils parent earned down the stairs a certain amount then the child would be entitled to ? 30 a week to help them with any costs that staying on in education may have.Although this may be contradicted by the inequalities that have been put in place by the steep rises in fees for universities, this has meant that working class pupils are at a disadvantage in comparison with the middle class. Previous to this the conservative government introduced new right policies which are viewed as trying to create a market place out of the educatio n system. They introduced several policies in order to force different schools in to competing with each otherwise this would then result in schools doing better.They aimed to create a parentocracy, where parents had much more choice when it came to schools for their children, they were able to choose which school they wanted their child to attend, rather than it being dependant on catchment areas like it was previously. This would result in schools upping their standards to gain pupils and ensure that parents would pick their school, funding was changed to be dependent on the amount of pupils a school had. By doing better than ther schools, more pupils would want to attend and result in more funding for the school, benefitting them and then helping them to improve further. Although, in order to rank schools against each other, at that place would have to be a system in place, so league tables were introduced and schools had to sit SATs and GCSE exams, the results were ranked in t he league tables and parents could look through different schools to see where they were placed and pick the best school for their child, much like a market place.OFSTED were also introduced to monitor and inspect schools, they would review the schools standards in several different categories giving a report to be viewed in order to judge the school as a whole and give parents a wider range of information on the schools, giving them more understanding and a better basis to choose which school they would like their child to attend. These policies meant that standards for schools rose as they competed against each other and parents had a greater understanding of schools and had more freedom when it came to choice.On the other hand, it did also create problems, because the better schools got more funding and pupils, the worse schools werent able to get the funding they needed to improve which meant the gap between schools achievement became wider as the better schools got better and the worse schools became worse off this created greater inequality. Schools also started to unpack students that would affect their results in the league tables, this also created inequality.These inequalities may have been the reason for the new labours aim to wipe out the inequality because at that place was so much created. Overall, The Conservative party and New Labour both introduced new policies to the education system the conservative was more aimed towards creating a market in the education system, whilst new labour strived to wipe out inequality in the system and tackle the issue of poverty. Although this being said, the new labour may have created more competition in the system by introducing faith and specialist schools.

Human Trafficking Paper Essay

Thesis Because human trafficking is worse than ever so and also the fastest change magnitude criminal industry in todays world, society needs to address the problem in serious ways.I. TraffickersA. Child slaveryB. ExploitationII. life-styleA. TreatmentB. Living conditionsIII. ResultsA. InjuriesB. HealthHowell 1Human Traffickingevery year roughly 100,000 children atomic number 18 kidnapped and brought into human trafficking. This creates them to be opened up to the streets, diseases, and sexual abhorrence at an extremely young age. Most are used until they have passed from drug overdose or sexual disease. Some get away further most dont escape because of the danger it will cause or theyve been in it for so long theybelieve it is normal. Because human trafficking is worse than ever and also the fastest increasing criminal industry in todays world, society needs to address the problem in serious ways.Every year thousands of men, women, and children are abducted in violation of hum an rights. Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer and harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat and use of force or other forms of coercion. Human trafficking has three whole elements which are The Act (what us done), The Means (how it is done), and The Purpose (why it is done). 1,082 cases of sex trafficking and 1,615 of them were child cases, only 361 kids were returned home. If these abductions rise as they are now by 2020 we will have an estimate of 10,000 child abduction cases related to sex trafficking. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 is helping go forth in preventing child abduction in sex trafficking. It is one of the most effective so far.

Crisis Blown over

November 30, 1997 goes down in the history of a Bangalore-based electric company as the day nobody wanting it to recur alone everyone recollecting it with sense of pride. It was a festive day for all the 700-plus employees. Festoons were strung all over, banners were put up banana trunks and leaves adorned the factory gate, instead of the usual red flags and loud speakers were blaring Kannada songs. It was day the employees chose to abide by Kannada Rajyothsava, annual feature of all Karnataka-based organisations. The function was to start at 4 p. m. and everybody was eagerly waiting for the high-risk event to take place.But the event, budgeted at Rs 1,00,000 did not take place. At around 2 p. m. , in that location was a ghastly cerebrovascular accident in the machine shop. Murthy was caught in the vertical turret lathe and was wounded fatally. His difference came in the ambulance on the way to hospital. The focal point sought union help, and the union leadership did respond with a positive attitude. They did not want to fish in troubled waters. Series of meetings were held between the union leaders and the anxiety. The discussions centred around two major issues(i) restoring patterncy, and (ii) determining the amount of compensation to be paid to the dependants of Murthy.Luckily for the management, the accident took place on a Saturday. The next day was a weekly holiday and this helped the tension to dispense to a large extent. The funeral of the deceased took place on Sunday without any hitch. The management hoped that things would be normal on Monday morning. But the hope was belied. The workers refused to resume work. Again the management approached the union for help. Union leaders sensible the workers to resume work in al departments except in the machine shop, and the suggestions was accepted by all. both weeks went by, nobody entered the machine shop, though work in other places resumed. Union leaders came with a raw idea to the management to perform a pooja to ward off any evil that had befallen on the lathe. The management accepted the idea and homa was performed in the machine shop for about five hours commencing early in the morning. This helped to round extent. The workers started operations on all other machines in the machine shop except on the inglorious lathe. It took two full months and a lot of persuasion from the union leaders for the workers to switch on the lathe.The crisis was blown over, thanks to the responsible role played by the union leaders and their fellow workers. Neither the management nor the workers wish that such an incident should recur. As the wages of the deceased grossed Rs 6,500 per month, Murthy was not covered under the ESI Act. direction had to pay compensation. Age and experience of the victim were taken into account to arrive at Rs 1,87,000 which was the amount to be payable to the wife of the deceased. To this was added Rs 2,50,000 at the intervention of the union leaders. In addition, the widow was paid a crown and a monthly pension of Rs 4,300.And nobodys wages were cut for the days not worked. Murthys death witnessed an unusual behavior on the part of the workers and their leaders, and magnanimous gesture from the management. It is a pride event in the life of the factory. Question 1. Do you think that the Bangalore-based company had practised participative management? 2. If your answer is yes, with what order of participation (you have read in this chapter) do you relate the above case? 3. If you were the union leader, would your deportment have been different? If yes, what would it be?

My Proudest Day of My Life

The Proudest Day of My Life The grey naturalisedays what I once hated most, are in conclusion over. Do you remember the tons of homework, different and challenging assignment, hard exams? So those are the past now. It was a beautiful summer day, the big day, the day of my graduation. An important event, that many of my friends and I prayed for that we will do tumefy after our examination without worries. The judgment was so special that no words could describe it. But scorn of this I really would like to share with you my special day The loud laudation from the students rocked the hall when the inform syndicate entered.E genuinelyone was so excited about it. The music was uplifting as the symbols of the school then our teachers and the doyen had reached their seats. We rose and sang the National Hymn. After the hymn, the dean opened the graduation ceremonially with his speech. Then any(prenominal) of our teachers and several(prenominal) pupils said thank you and good bye to each other. Although the source speech was quite dry, the others were very interesting. After the speeches students from each class lined up in the auditorium. Many of us waited eagerly for our make to go the main stage to receive our diplomas from the dean.We were more than two hundred but I was delay patiently. Of course I was very excited. Soon after that, it was my turn. How can I describe that feeling you take in been waiting for so long? As I heard my name, I stood up, walked to the stage and the dean turn over my diploma after shaking each others hands. A second later I heard the applause and the unforgettable moment of feeling proud, that yes, I did it It was an amazing feeling to stay there in appear of everyone, especially in front of your family, your loved ones and see the joy in their eyes.In that seconds and on the way sticker to my seat I recalled a lot of memories from the exist volt years. All the positive and negative aspects of existence a student came t o my mind like the hard exams or the fun period with my friends. After the ceremony, in the background, a white projector screen scrolled down then flashed a video on it. It recalled many memories from our first day we had our orientation till the last days. I was astonished to see my face as some pictures of me popped up on the screen. Seeing myself five years younger at the orientation week with a scared face and with a what am I doing here feeling was really funny.I felt a little bit embarrassed, but we laughed a lot with my friends. At the end of the ceremony we sang the school song then we went to the fountain in front of the university and took some pictures with friends and our last group photo. After that we had a short conversation with friends and somehow a sense of nostalgia aroused eventhough we were all happy that we finally graduated. I took a last glance around the main lobby the place I first entered the university five years ago before I went back to my family.Al ong the way back home, in the car was the time when I had a weird feeling. It felt as if it was happiness and sadness with many other kinds of feelings. The feeling was stronger when I had reached home. I knew if I told myself I did not miss the school and my friends that would be lye. Perhaps that was the last time we gathered our friends together. However, I am extremely happy that I finished my school and got my assure degree, but I also will miss it I am sure that we would not be able to feel what we once felt together in the classroom during the past five years.

Organisation and Control of Computer Operations Essay

The organisational building of the follow is quite straight forward and to the point and easy to understand. The comp some(prenominal) is split into two departments the computer science department and Contr characterizations team. Taira Zeb is the general is the director of the company.Martin gate is the Transport Manager of the perfunctory operations team. He liaises with other companies to A2z Travel Uk Ltd can cranny when they book with them. He explains to companies what special rates they can offer them if they book association or company booking outings. If the Companys or associations ar content to sign any set out or booking with A2z Travel Uk Ltd he passes the contact details to the contract manager make them sign a contact or booking. The people working in Martin Gates team acknowledge * Wendy Gates (Contracts Manager) the principal(prenominal) office of Wendy Gates is to pay back contracts and bookings in like manner introduce tax deduction under the author isation of Martin Gates the Transport Manager.* Sandeep Uppal (Health & Safety Manager) Bashir deals with health and safety issues inside the company, and also obligation issues whilst vehicles ar in phthisis by companies and groups.* Mohammed Zafreen (Head Mechanic) deals with the vehicles checking them on a weekly basis checking for puzzles origin every last(predicate)y they go to the outing it is booked for. Mohammed Zafreen is charge of checking if the both transport coaches ar safe to drive on roadstead and both the paper work is up to date for example MOT, Car Tax before they are let out. Mohammed Zafreen also deals with chance(a) maintenance for vehicles when he has the time to do so.* Asan Fazal (Assistant Mechanic) deals with daily maintenance of the coaches on a daily basis.* Sandeep Uppal (Health & Safety Manager) Sandeep Uppal deals with health and safety issues within the company, and also liability issues whilst its coaches are in exercising by A2z Trave l Uk Ltd* Julia Wilson (Health & Safety Co-ordinator) -Julia Wilson works under Sandeep Uppal and deals with training in-house lag on health and safety issues under the guidance of Sandeep Uppal.The computing department is run by Asian Fazal who is the IT Manager. He deals with overall matters regarding hardware and packet system requirements for A2z Travel Uk Ltd, and is involved with all purchasing of hardware and software but before funds can be released to him the director must be with agreement with him. The people working in Asan Fazal team include* Ahmed Hussain (Technician) -Tony deals with maintaining hardware/software with the company and resolve any network problems.* Andrew Dales (IT hostage Manager) deals with tribute producers and deals with viruses and have creped imagination the network.* Praveen Patel ( rumpup Manager) trusty for making sure all info has been backed up successfully the backup manger responsibilities ensure all backups are done daily and w eekly basis and oblige backup procedures with in the company. The backup manager must ensure all backups kept in a safe place in a different location if for example all data was lost due to awake.* Wajid Gahni (Database Administrator) responsibilities include, database design, co-ordination and use of data integrity, up keep of data, and data maintenance to see if the data passed thought the database is not garbage.* Azard Amera ( security department Assistant) she deals with daily security issues or assumption daily t affect to complete by the IT security system Manager* Frank dean (Backup Assistant) trustworthy for backing up data on a daily basis every evening and reports back to the backup manager if he occurs any problems. He ordain contact the backup manager when a daily backup is coThe Structuring 0f Computing Jobs Within The Organisation.IT surgical incision StructureIT Manager Asan FazalAsian Fazal in A2Z Travel UK Ltd is of that to give frequent and guidance to t he IT department on all computing issues within the organisation also chasing up things that the IT department need to do.Asian Fazal is trusty for work on internal projects and teams such as IT Security policies, hardware, software and backup policies. Asian Fazal has to employ see policies otherwise there could be major Problems within the company.His job involves analyzing security requirements, evaluating safeguards, vulnerabilities, threats also opportunities.Asian Fazal job entails * Identify integration issues and develop solutions of computing systems within the company.* Coach and develop skills within a project team.* Lead project teams within the computing department.* Run the IT department to the gameest standard.IT Security Manager Andrew DalesAndrew Dales is responsible for all IT security integration issues within the computing network in the company, which include data surety act, computer misuse act, IT security and privacy. Andrew Dales to deal with security b reaches that has taken place also making high security fortune into a low security risk.Andrew Dales ensures all passwords are utilise coherently and in accordance to the A2Z Travel UK Ltd IT Security and privacy policies.Andrew Dales deals with any seen or reported act of computer misconduct, and she ensures the companys regulations of carrying out these procedures.Security Assistant Azard Amera Azard Amera job involves assisting the Security Manager in security relate issues. Azard Amera keeps on top of all the latest security, and virus software. Azard Amera has a list of jobs to do on a daily basis that he must complete. Azard Amera can take over the security manager billet if he is sick or he can not attend for workTechnician Tony mugTony Seagull who is the company technician manages, maintains and supports the companys fundamental IT infrastructure. He is also responsible for the development of a utmost of training programmes for the users of the computer systems withi n A2Z Travel UK Ltd.Tony regularly comes to check the computers in working order on a weekly basis are as well as coming. He is also responsible for the hardware and software problems and any network issues that arrive.When the organisation decides to upgrade any of the hardware or software used the technician is responsible for carrying with the backup assistant if the work load is too much for him. The technician inputs ideas for what the company unavoidably to the IT manager.Backup Manager Praveen PatelPraveen Patel is responsible for backing up of all data used within the system. Back ups are carried out on a daily basis. (Every evening) These back ups are stored at the main localize location. Weekly back ups are also taken from the system, these back ups are taken to a secure location off site. This is done so that if data is lost or corrupt at the main site, provided a weeks worth of data is lost.Backup Assistant Frank DeanFrank Dean is responsible for backing up data on a daily basis, and ensuring all security procedures are met.Database Administrator Wajid Gahni As the database administrator Wajid Gahni has the responsibility and the role of Co-ordinating the use of data in database management systems. Providing support to the other departments. Any changes made to the database must be approved by DBA. Controlling adit, performance, monitoring and tune of the database. Working with other computing team members to make sure the database is working to the highest performance. This DBA gives different users different access rights to the system The DBA resolves disputes that can occur with the Database.Privacy and SecurityPrivacyPrivacy is the claim for psyches to be odd alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organisations or the state.(P59 lauden and lauden.)A2Z Travel.org has about 10 computers, which they use to keep personal data about all drivers, coaches, routes and customers. Therefore all access to custome rs and staff education within the company is restricted to those authorised to see it.There are formal procedures that are followed for the allocation of access rights to users such as using a secure password, never telling anyone your password, changing passwords regularly and making sure that no staff members write their passwords down, such data should be memorised. At A2Z Travel.org a single password is used so that users can log on to the system, this is secure as only members of staff have authority can log on to the system.An improved way of using passwords would be to assign each user with their own unique user name and password so that all unauthorized access is prevented. These passwords should be confidential and users removed from the system they leave the company.The company plan to run through a more(prenominal) secure password system in the near future to improve security. The use of data encryption would also be of great benefit to A2Z Travel.org, as this would p revent any data being accessed from any other software applications, this would also be necessary when setting up individual unique passwords to access the system.Privacy SoftwareThe most interesting thing that we found out succession we were at A2Z Travel International was that the two directors, have their own computers, which they work on.The computers have a attraction of software installed on it but the most interesting software that we found installed on the computers was the Privacy protector 3.2 for Windows.When we asked the directors why they only have this installed on their computers they told us simply because they do not want anybody to fuck which internet sites they use and visit. Apparently this is something to do with the contracts they have with other companies.The directors admitted that occasionally they would view the contents on colleagues hardware, including cache, cookies, index.dat and history.Privacy Guardian ensures that all traces of Internet and compu ter activities are permanently erased and irrecoverable from the PC.Privacy Guardian is a safe and easy-to-use privacy protective covering tool that securely deletes online Internet tracks and program activity records that are stored in your browser and other hidden files on your computer.SECURITYThe Security of a system is a combination of its ability to support* System Availability* Data rectitude* Data ConfidentialityIt is essential that all information must be protect against unauthorised access, theft and personal misemploy. Access to data should only be allowed to members of staff with authority, there might also be reliable levels of security so that particular members of staff can only access certain data. Therefore all data in A2Z Travel.org is kept in a secure locked office, with limited access. Backups of data are also kept on secure location off site for security reasons.Data protection act The main objectives of the act are to make sure that any personal data sto red in any computer related to a member of staff is accurate, used for only the purpose registered, kept up to date, and only available to those who are entitled to use the data. Any member of staff may ask for a copy of the data held in their record. It is a legal requirement to meet with the data protection act in any organisation, staff are also made aware of this and are given a copy of the companies data protection policy when they are recruited.CCTV A2Z Travel.org is a 24-hour coach service and therefore all gates are kept opened for drivers to enter and emerge, and so the need for CCTV is essential. CCTV is also used within the office this can help to audit users activities on p.cs. For instance if there was a problem experienced and it could not be confined to a particular member of staff the CCTV system could be used to view who was using the system at a particular time.There is CCTV placed in several places such as inside and outside the office and in the coach yard wher e the coached are parked.Equipment security In order to minimise the loss or damage the equipment within the company is protected from security threats and environmental hazards.Regular backup copies of data are taken on a daily basis, which is done by Charles Stewart (Backup Assistant).Master software and backup data diskettes are kept in locked cabinets when not in use and they are also stored in a different location. It is vital for master copies to be kept elsewhere as data that is corrupted or destroyed in case of fire or theft, which will result in losing weeks/months of work, cannot always be replaced.Any computer is at risk from damage or theft. Theft is becoming more and more common amongst companies and organisations. To avoid losing thousands of pounds on buy more equipment to replace the ones that have been damaged or stolen, A2Z Travel international have insured all their equipment in the company. This insurance cover will compensate for the repair or replacement of t he equipment and software. The use of security ties and lock help to protect the companies hardware, this is necessary as a number of drivers are continuously launching and emerging from the office.Security tags are also used on all of the hardware so that the equipment is recognisable in the event of theft or loss. All of the equipment is also registered with the manufacturer so that they are acknowledgeable from the serial number. To further improve security the use of metal casings and security locks on devices such as printers to prevent any other member of staff apart from the technician from changing consumables etc, this helps maintain equipment as members of staff without I.T knowledge may damage the equipment when attempting to change consumables etc.Viruses A large risk faced by A2Z Travel.org is the possibility of downloading or receiving harmful viruses. There are a number of ways in which it is achievable to contract a virus including the use of floppy disks, downl oading data from the Internet or email. To reduce these risks it is the role of the I.T security manager to have an up to date anti virus software subscription. Even more important is the task of regularly updating this software as new viruses are regularly generated. another(prenominal) security step taken by the organisation is to implement firewalls on all of the P.Cs used within the company. This helps to protect data and filter out any harmful files.The role of the technician includes updating all of this software and carrying out regular checks on all of the computers. Another precaution taken by the company involves end regular windows updates on all machines used within the company. This keeps all Microsoft software up to date so that there is less risk of contracting any viruses or experiencing any problems with any software.Technical Security This considers the security requirements, which are related to the technology within A2Z Travel.org in particular IT networks, sys tems and equipment. Topics that are involved includeHacking This is an act to penetrate computer systems to gain knowledge about the system and how it works. A hacker is individual who is interested in computer programming and things that are related to the technical side of a computer. The damage a hacker can do is change a password so legitimate users are denied access, can smuggle another program onto the P.C, can steal credit numbers to obtain goods and go and can crash a system. A2Z Travel.org uses up to data virus protection and Microsoft firewall applications to prevent any unauthorised access to the system.Bibliographyhttp//www.indianest.com/computing/security/020.htmhttp//www.itbusinessedge.comhttp//www.etechb.co.uk/education/Docs/Technician_Phase1-summary.pdfCarroll, John Millar, (1987), Computer Security 2nd Edition,http//www.iseek.org/sv/13000.jsp?id=100047http//www.informationcommissioner.gov.uk/eventual.aspx?id=34http//www.pctools.co.uk/privacy-guardianhttp//mtechit .com/concepts/security.htmlhttp//www.pctools.co.uk/privacy-guardian

Consumer Behaviour Essay

Consumers figure out many obtaining decisions every day, and the buying decision is the focal point of the grocery storeers effort. just about large companies research consumer buying decisions in great detail to answer questions about what consumers buy, where they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy. Marketers can study actual consumer purchases to find out what they buy, where, and how much. But learning about the whys of consumer buying fashion is not so easythe answers ar often locked deep within the consumers mind.Often, consumers themselves dont know exactly what influences their purchases. The human mind doesnt work in a linear way, says unmatchable marketing expert. The idea that the mind is a computer with storage compartments where carrys or logos or recognisable packages are stored in clearly marked folders that can be accessed by cleverly written ads or commercials simply doesnt exist. Instead, the mind is a whirling, swirling, jumbled mass of neurons bouncing around, colliding and continuously creating new concepts and thoughts and relationships internal every single somebodys brain all all over the world.The central question for marketers is as follows How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? The starting point is the stimulus-response hold still forative of purchaser behavior shown in presage 5.1. This figure shows that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumers dark box and produce certain responses. Marketers must figure out what is in the emptors dimmed box.Marketing stimuli consist of the four Ps product, toll, place, and promotion. Other stimuli include major forces and events in the purchasers environment economic, technological, political, and cultural. All these inputs enter the buyers black box, where they are turned into a dress circle of buyer responses the buyers brand and company relationship behavior and what he or she buys, when, where, and ho w often.Marketers hope to understand how the stimuli are changed into responses inside the consumers black box, which has two parts. First, the buyers characteristics influence how he or she perceives and reacts to the stimuli. Second, the buyers decision process itself fixs his or her behavior. We look first at buyer characteristics as they affect buyer behavior and then discuss the buyer decision process.Many levels of factors affect our buying behaviorfrom broad cultural and social influences to motivations, beliefs, and attitudes lying deep within us. For example, why did you buy that specific cell phone? Consumer purchases are influenced strongly by cultural, social, someoneal, and psychological characteristics, as shown in Figure 5.2. For the most part, marketers cannot control such factors, but they must take them into account.Cultural FactorsCultural factors exert a broad and deep influence on consumer behavior. Marketers need to understand the role played by the buyers c ulture, subculture, and social class.CultureCulture is the most fundamental cause of a persons wants and behavior. Human behavior is largely learned. Growing up in a society, a child learns basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviors from his or her family and other important institutions. A child in the United States normally learns or is undecided to the following values achievement and success, individualism, freedom, hard work, activity and involvement, efficiency and practicality, material comfort, youthfulness, and fitness and health. Every chemical group or society has a culture, and cultural influences on buying behavior may vary greatly from country to country. A failure to adjust to these differences can result in ineffective marketing or embarrassing mistakes.SubcultureEach culture contains diminisheder subcultures, or groups of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations. Subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial gr oups, and geographic regions. Many subcultures make up important market segments, and marketers often design products and marketing programs tailored to their needs. Examples of four such important subculture groups include Latino American, African American, Asiatic American, and mature consumers.Hispanic American ConsumersThe nations tight 50 million Hispanic consumers have an annual buying big businessman of more than $950 billion, a figure that will grow to an estimated $1.4 meg by 2013. Hispanic consumer spending has grown at more than twice the rate of general-market spending over the past four years.Although Hispanic consumers share many characteristics and behaviors with the mainstream buying pubic, there are as well as different differences. They tend to be deeply family oriented and make shopping a family affair children have a big say in what brands they buy.Perhaps more important, Hispanic consumers, particularly first-generation immigrants, are very brand loyal, a nd they favor brands and sellers who show special interest in them.African American ConsumersWith an annual buying power of $913 billion, estimated to pop off $1.2 trillion by 2013, the nations 42 million African American consumers as well attract much marketing attention. The U.S. black population is growing in affluence and sophistication. Although more price conscious than other segments, blacks are also strongly motivated by quality and selection. Brands are important. So is shopping. Black consumers seem to enjoy shopping more than other groups, even for something as mundane as groceries. In recent years, many companies have developed special products, appeals, and marketing programs for African American consumers.For example, P&Gs roots run deep in this market. P&G has long been the leader in African American advertising, spending nearly twice as much as the second-place spender. It has a long history of using black spokespeople in its ads, beginning in 1969 with entertaine r Bill Cosby endorsing Crest. Today, youll see Angela Bassett promoting the benefits of Olay embody lotion for black skin, Derek Jeter discussing the virtues of Gillette razors and deodorant, and Queen Latifah in commercials promoting a Cover Girl line for women of color. In gain to traditional product marketing efforts, P&G also supports a broader My Black Is Beautiful movement. Asiatic American ConsumersAsian Americans are the most affluent U.S. demographic segment. They now number nearly 15 million and wield more than $500 billion in annual spending power, expected to reach $750 billion in 2013. They are the second fastest-growing population sub segment after Hispanic Americans. And deal Hispanic Americans, they are a diverse group. Chinese Americans constitute the largest group, followed by Filipinos, Asian Indians, Vietnamese, Korean Americans, and Japanese Americans. Asian consumers may be the most tech-savvy segment more than 90 percent of Asian Americans go online regular ly and are most comfortable with Internet technologies such as online banking.As a group, Asian consumers shop frequently and are the most brand conscious of all the ethnic groups. They can be fiercely brand loyal. As a result, many firms are now targeting the Asian American market, companies same State Farm, McDonalds, Verizon, Toyota, and Wal-Mart. For example, among its many other Asian American targeting efforts, McDonalds has built a special blade site for this segment (www.myinspirasian.com), offered in both English and Asian languages. The fun and involving, community-oriented site highlights how McDonalds is operative with and serving the Asian American community.Mature ConsumersAs the U.S. population ages, mature consumers are becoming a very attractive market. By 2015, when all the baby boomers will be 50-plus, people ages 50 to 75 will account for 40 percent of adult consumers. By 2030, adults ages 65 and older will represent nearly 20 percent of the population. And th ese mature consumer segments boast the most expendable cash.The 50-plus consumer segment now accounts for nearly 50 percent of all consumer spending, more than any current or previous generation. They have 2.5 clock the discretionary buying power of those ages 18 to 34. As one marketing executive puts it, they have assets, not allowances. Despite some financial setbacks resulting from the recent economic crisis, mature consumers remain an attractive market for companies in all industries, from pharmaceuticals, furniture, groceries, beauty products, and clothing to consumer electronics, travel and entertainment, and financial services.Social FactorsA consumers behavior also is influenced by social factors, such as the consumers small groups, family, and social roles and status.Social classcomparatively permanent and ordered divisions in a society whose members share similar values, interests, and behaviors.GroupTwo or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals .Groups and Social NetworksMany small groups influence a persons behavior. Groups that have a direct influence and to which a person belongs are called membership groups. In contrast, reference groups serve as direct (face-to-face) or indirect points of semblance or reference in forming a persons attitudes or behavior. People often are influenced by reference groups to which they do not belong. For example, an aspirational group is one to which the individual wishes to belong, as when a unseasoned basketball player hopes to someday emulate basketball star LeBron James and play in the subject fieldBasketball Association (NBA)Marketers try to identify the reference groups of their target markets. Reference groups expose a person to new behaviors and lifestyles, influence the persons attitudes and selfconcept, and create pressures to conform that may affect the persons product and brand choices. The importance of group influence varies across products and brands. It tends to be stro ngest when the product is visible to others whom the buyer respects.

Feminist Perspective of the Role of Lady Madeline Essay

The Fall of the House of Usher (1939), arguably Edgar Allan Poes most known short story, is a tale centered around the mysterious House of Usher and its equally senseless inhabitants. These pendents are plagued with physical and intellectual degradation the Usher siblings suffer from various abnormal ailments and unexplained dismays, art object the house itself seems to be tethering on the edge of collapse. The gothic elements in the story are distributed generously, and the plot is progressively ridden with the supernatural as it progresses. Lady Madeline, Roderick Ushers twin sister, is a key element in the story. She suffers from a disease much like catalepsy, a disease that subjects her to seizures and insensitivity to various stimuli. Roderick himself, on the former(a) hand, suffers from an acuteness of the senses and a strong belief that the house is somehow alive and conscious of its surroundings.Roderick has not separate from the house in years, and has instead elect ed to keep himself inside to pore over literature and art, so oner than threaten his sanity by overwhelming his senses. The siblings are very similar, not solely in their appearance, as they are twins, but in their problems as well. They are both suffering from similarly mysterious diseases, and are both aware of the underlying sexual tension in their relationship. Early in the story, the readers are make aware of the age-old Usher tradition that has kept the Usher family pure.In other words, incestuous relationships were the norm for them. However, by no means was Madeline and Rodericks relationship condoned by the rest of society. This essay result examine the story from a womens liberationist perspective, focusing on understanding the narrating styles of the male author, and the actions of the theatrical procedures in the book. It leave in addition look specifically at the ways that women have suffered from social conventions end-to-end the years, and compare it to Madelin es struggles in the story.Women & PoeMales are the dominant gender in the text, both in equipment casualty of dialogue and in description. The complete absence of a female voice in the text, save for several moans and groans from Madeline scattered through forth the story, ispointedly apparent. Throughout the story, Madeline never utters a single word what the readers know of her is severely limited by the vague descriptions abandoned of her and the way she is treated. Not only do males dominate the text in terms of their presence, but there is also a greater sense of regard among the male characters themselves than there is amidst Madeline the the male characters.They seem to regard her ailments less seriously than they do of Rodericks, giving Rodericks much much detail and explanation than that of Madeline. Rodericks description, on the other hand, seems to go on an on, reaching into Poes interference of Madeline by and by her apparent cobblers last is a representation of the authors strangely violent place towards women. Like in a number of his other works, women are subject to strange and horrific treatment after their deaths. Berenice was buried alive, and had all her teeth pulled. Ligeia sees the death of two women, and a perverse return of one of them. One could conclude that Poe had misogynistic tendencies, though the fact that Madeline did rise up in power could be seen as support for an opposing perspective.Women in Victorian SocietyUnderstanding the circumstances behind the treatment and characterisation of Madeline also de homosexualds an understanding of how women were anticipate to act, especially as reflected in nineteenth century literature. At that time, women were expected to adhere to certain well-defined virtues, centered around the virtures of submissiveness and domesticity. To some extent, a womanhoods rank depended quite largely on her physical attributes. This refers not only her physique, but also to her abilities in carr ying out household tasks. Women were traditionally seen as homemakers people in charge of matters in the household, not alfresco. Men, of course, were seen as the sound judgement and intellect of the household, and the one qualified to receive an education and work in the outside world.A womans mental ability was regarded as essentially limited to superficial sensing, while a man would have been seen as the one responsible for complex thought and reflection in a household. In a way, Madelines suppression by her twin comrade and the way she generally presents herself reflects this. Madeline does not speak, and plain obeys the orders of everyone else in the house. Roderick, on the other hand, always has the final word. This is exemplified once again theRodericks live entombment of Madeline, in which Madeline could not do anything to change her fate. In the nineteenth century, the female daughter is seen as a critical supporting element of the family. She was expected to keep her aspirations and motivations rooted in maintaining and upholding the family and its name, from within the household.The way Madeline was buried, one-half smothered in its oppressive atmosphere, reflects the way she was smothered in Victorian society. The nature of their illnesses also reflect the gender enjoyments of the era. While Rodericks illness amplifies his senses, Madelines disease, described as a devolve apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, dampens hers, reducing her into an barely-there, almost ghostly, individual. Roderick is able to isolate himself from the outside world to spare him from the torture of his oversensitivty, however, Madeline is helpless towards hers. Madelines illness subjects her to physical degradation. On a mental level, she is suppressed by the gender roles and expectations of the time.Relationship between Madeline and the Other CharactersMadelines burial represents the suppression she is subject to under Usher tradition, and under the ideal s of her brother. She chiffoniernot truly be herself or express herself fully, because of the expectations she has to fulfill. Even from the start, she is trapped in the house, trapped under the shadow of her ancestors expectations, and trapped under the realization of what she and her twin brother would have to do to continue their family line in the traditional Usher fashion. Madeline has no freedom, both in life and in death. It is a feminist victory, then, to see Madeline emerge from the depths of her suppression to exact her strike back and exert her power over those who have suppressed her all her life. He then says that his sickness can be traced to a more natural and far more palpable originnamely, to his tenderly heartfelt sisterhis sole companion for long yearshis last relative on earth.Madelines disclose of power and ability to induce fear is an abrupt change in the dynamic among the characters. Instead of the silent, unregarded character she has always been portrayed as thus far, Madeline is finally clearly seen as a powerful figure, sure-footed of breaking out of her constraints, both physical and mental, and exacting respectableice on her own. It is interesting to see that Madeline only manages to struggle outof these constraints after her apparent death. Perhaps in only allowing Madeline to break free after her death signifies that for women, stepping out of the very well-defined social conventions of the day is as difficult as death itself. Furthermore, Madelines new appearance as a strong character over her brothers meekness represents how women actually have the capability to rise up and over societys expectations for them, when given the chance.In that final scene, while Roderick is a victim to the terrors he had anticipated, Madeline is fearful and intimidating, with her lofty appearance and the blood on her clothes displaying the kind of struggles she has experienced and conquered. Perhaps this point offers insight into why this invo ked fear in the readers of the era to see a woman assume such a powerful role would have seemed abnormally threatening. Another notable fact is that Rodericks condition visibly deteriorates after the going of Madeline from his daily life. It signifies that despite Madelines apparent weakness and low value, she does play a fundamental role in the Usher family.It suggests that she may have been a strong character from the start but the readers just cannot immediately see it as it is shrouded by the lack of attention on her and descriptions of her. In essense, a feminist criticism of The Fall of the House of Usher reveals much about the nature of the characters and their relationships, as well as the reasons behind the circumstances and the characters subsequent actions. A prominent theme stems from the context of the story, the Victorian era. By designed how women were expected to act, we see the reasons why she was treated a certain way, and why her response was far from active. Madelines final actions, however, reflect a different side of the female role, adding a very interesting pull to the story.BibliographyEarly Nineteenth Century Attitudes Toward Women and Their Roles as Represented By Literature Popular in Worcester, Massachusetts. apprise US History . N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. .Sympathies of a Scarcely Intelligible Nature The Brother-Sister Bond in

The Strategy for Food Waste in Hk

enumeration 1 Introduction 1 1. 1 The definition of nutrition foul up 1 1. 2 The sources/generators of fargon abandon. 3 1. 2. 1 The sources of nutrient rot in Hong Kong 1. 2. 2 The sources of nutrition pine away in oversea countries/regions.. 6 1. 3 The military position in Hong Kong and oversea countries.. 7 1. 3. 1 The view in Hong Kong.. 7 1. 3. 2 nourishment xerox situation in oversea countries and regions .. 0 2 decision 13 2. 1 baptistry study of HK .. 13 2. 1. 1 Minimization approaches for nourishment consume in Hong Kong . 14 2. 1. 2 Reuse/ cycle approached of intellectual nourishment tout in Hong Kong . 7 2. 1. 3 Case of minimization and cycle of victuals boast in schools 24 2. 1. 4 Conclusion of strategies in HK .. 27 2. 2 Minimization and strategies in oversea countries .. 27 2. 2. 1 impudently Zealand 27 2. 2. Korea . 28 2. 2. 3 mainland China .. 32 2. 2. 4 Case of The East verbalise Municipal improvement partition 34 3 Critical Comparison 7 3. 1 Comparisons 37 3. 1. 1 Recycle/Reuse might 37 3. 1. 2 Different campaigns and laws in approaches to forage loosenesss in different countries 39 3. 1. 3 Technologies habituate in pabulum for thought spoil 41 3. 1. Barriers in diet drive away cycle/ utilise in Hong Kong.. 45 3. 2 Recomm quitations . 47 4 Conclusion. 50 References 1 1 Introduction 1. 1 The definition of nutriment raving mad occasion agree to the project of victuals and Agriculture Organization of the coupled Nations (FAO, 2012), international intellectual nourishment production provide increase 70% by 2050 on the purpose of meeting the requests of the evolution world population under current production and consumption. However, at that place argon more than 1 tercet of the nutriment produced to solar day being weakened or lost. nutrient ingestd or solid nutriment press release may cause a range of issues not solely on the environment just now also on society and economy.Ther efore, two developed countries and develop countries dedicate to avoid and constrain pabulum pine away. In mundane, aliment lay nullify to or viands loss refers to the provender that is discarded or lost un killen. It occurs on all steps in the aliment chain ( skeletal frame 1). In developed countries, near pabulum flufffulness occurs at the consumption stage, period in developing or low-income countries, pabulum is absquatulated during production. Different countries or regions have their own definitions of intellectual nourishment superfluity, relating to food abandon sources, the situation of countries, their population and so on. 1 flesh. 1. The steps where food waste product occurs (Heta-Kaisa Koivupuro, 2011) ? United Nations provender waste is food loss which occurs at the retail and terminal consumption stages because of the behavior of throwing away of food by the retailers and consumers ( Gustavsson, J. , 2010). The loss includes biomass which is originally blind drunkt for human consumption but pull downtually employ for approximately other purpose, much(prenominal) as fuel or animal be given. Meanwhile, food waste in United Nations only consists of decrement in nutrition food mass during the production, postharvest and touch stages instead of the uneatable parts. Hong Kong The definition of food waste in Hong Kong still rump not be unified, but food waste contribute be divided into two kinds at least. They are blunt food and spare cooked food. The first kind of food waste may be easily dealt with compared with the flash kind, because it usually includes the excess tender food such as fruit peel, kernel and eggshell, while the excess cooked food may mix up with oil, tissue and toothpick which affect the comprehendment methods for food waste. ? Australia 2In Australia, food waste means an unwanted raw or cooked food discarded during or subsequently food breeding that is no longer fit for consumption o r desirable (Nathalie Jean-Baptiste, 2009). It includes spoiled cooked food, excess cooked food, vegs and fruits peelings, beverage, undesirable raw food and meat throw out. ? European Union In European Union, food waste is defined as any food substance, raw or cooked, which is discarded, or intended or required to be discarded. ? United States In United States, the food waste is defined by the United States milieual Prottection Agency.The definition is uneaten food and food preparation wastes from residences and mer muckletile establishments such as grocery stores, tranquilityaurants, and produce stands, institutional cafeterias and kitchens, and indus tally sources wish well employee lunchrooms ( United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2006). Although the definitions of food waste vary in different countries and regions, the indecent impacts that food waste cause are so in effect(p) that more vigilance should be paid and mo re actions should be taken to avoid and t reat it. . 2 The sources/generators of food waste move uped and developing countries really waste close to the same sum of food (670 and 630 million tonnes, respectively). The difference is at what level in the food supply chain the waste occurs. In developed countries, the highest volume of waste is at the retail and consumer level in developing countries it occurs al approximatelyly at the post-harvest and branching level due to limitations in transit, storehouse and processing.Therefore, HK, as one of the most developed areas in the world, its food waste mainly comes from the retail and nett consumption stages. 3 In rescript to castrate or avoid food waste soundly, the vanquish way is to l achieve close to the sources or generators of food waste. Because if we try take up to avoid food waste or food loss from its sources, the other processes for reduction waste or loss during the following stages after part be avoided, so that we do-nothing save money and resource s. The sources of food waste of different countries and regions are illustrated to a lower place. . 2. 1 The sources of food waste in Hong Kong The sources of food wase in Hong Kong lav be divided into two parts, study source and other sources. disconcert 1 shows the different sources and their components and characteristics. The major source is domestic or residential. According to the statistic of Friends of The Earth, domestic food waste accounts for 70% of all food waste produced in Hong Kong, with an standard of 2,300 tonnes per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). The reasons for domestic food waste are various.For example, food is cheap or some population may hold the composition that when inviting others to dinner, they have to order more than enough so that they would not lose face. Table 1. 1 Sources of food waste in HK Amount of waste Source Major Components Characteristic ( haemorrhoid/day) bodge cooked food Supermarkets and Beverage stores Undes irable raw food Spo iled cooked food Excess cooked food Including avertible and residential/Domestic Vegetables & fruits peelings unavoidable Beverage Undes irable raw food 4 Most are Avoidable 90 2,300Meat put away Excess cooked food Vegetables & fruits peelings Restaurants and Beverage hotels Undes irable raw food Meat scraps Vegetables & fruits peelings Beverage food industry Undes irable raw food Meat scraps Excess cooked food Beverage Schools Vegetables & fruits peelings Meat scraps Avoidable are edible or edible before spoilage/damage) Unavoidable are inedible food material want vegetable peels, bones, etcetera unavoidable Including avoidable and 41 unavoidable Including avoidable and 900 unavoidable Including avoidable and 964 The major source is domestic or residential.According to the statistic of Friends of The Earth, domestic food waste accounts for 70% of all food waste produced in Hong Kong, with an substance of 2,300 tonnes per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). The reasons for domest ic food waste are various. For example, food is cheap or some people may hold the appraisal that when inviting others to dinner, they have to order more than enough so that they would not lose face. The other sources are supermarkets and stores, food industry and schools. The food industry consists of food chains, Chinese restaurants, hotels, bakeries, supermarkets, markets, food producers and so on.The industry produces 900 tonnes of food waste per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). And schools fuss 15,000 tonnes of food waste per year. Meanwhile, food waste in Hong Kong butt end be conf apply into two kinds at source, they are 5 non-recyclable kind which includes glasses, tinfoil, cling film, carton boxes, p weatheric bottles, aluminum cans and tin cans, and recyclable kind, including meat, bones, bread, rice and noodles, vegetable, fruit and egg shells (Figure 2). Fig. 1. 2 Separation of food waste at source (EPD, 2011) 1. 2. 2 The sources of food waste in oversea countries/re gionsIn Australia, the food waste mainly comes from household or residential with an amount of almost 3 million tonnes per year. Approximately 20% of food will b e thrown away after its purchase in Australia In European Union, food waste are from households, supermarkets, restaurants and the food supply chain. Over 50% of edible and healthy food in EU is wasted individually year and the amount is 89 million tonnes per year. 6 Fig. 1. 3 Sources of food waste fir cereals, by region (Agree, 2011) Unlike the developed countries, food waste in developing countries is generated at lower levels.Figure 3 further identified the source level of food waste. From it, we can see that in the developed countries like Europe and North America, about 60% of the food waste in cereal grain products occurs at consumption stage. Conversely, in the developing regions, like South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, more than 60% of food waste 1. 3 The situation in Hong Kong and oversea countries 1. 3. 1 The s ituation in Hong Kong According to the statistic of EPD, in Hong Kong, about 3,584 tonnes food waste are produced everyday, accounting for a third of all straightforward waste in Hong Kong.One third of them originates from 7 commercial-grade and industry (C&I) sector, and the remaining comes from households. So households produce large amount of food waste in Hong Kong. The volume of food waste from C&I sectors has increases more than double in the last decade, from 400 tonnes in 2002 to 1,056 tonnes in 2011 (Figure 4). Also, we can see from Fig. 2 that supermarket dispose 29 tonnes edible food everyday. Fig. 1. 4 Basic food waste situation in HK (EPD, 2012) Figure 5 futher illustrates a serious issue in Hong Kong.About 3,200 tonnes of food are direct to landfill every day, which equals to the capacity of 126 double buses, and the approach for deal with food waste is more than 2 million per day. Whats more, if the rate cut acrosss to increase, the landfills in Hong Kong could make headway capacity in 2013. Therefore, the situation of food waste in Hong Kong is not satisfied and the loads of Hong Kongs landfill are too heavy. Every soulfulness in Hong Kong should realize this sever situation and try best to minimize food waste in occasional life. 8 Fig. 1. The situation of food waste in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Stories, 2011) General trend of food waste in Hong Kong is illustrated in Figure 6. In Figure 6, path 1 represented commercial and industrial food waste, Line 2 represented domestic food waste and Line 3 represented municipal solid waste. From the figure below, we can conclude that in Hong Kong, the volume of domestic food waste has been reduced in the past 10 years, while the commercial and industrial food waste has kept going up significantly and accounted for 30% of municipal solid waste in 2009, which is 20% more than that in 1999.The rising rate is really a serious problem and more attention should be paid in order to reduce food waste and the stress of landfill. 1 2 3 Fig. 1. 6 Volume of municipal solid waste in Hong Kong (FoE, 2010) 9 The reasons why the amount of food waste is pretty large and why it becomes a awful issue are listed below ? Many diners have more food on the plate than they can eat. According to greennessers Actions survey only 13 percent of responders can finish everything in their plates and about 87 percent of them always left some food behind, 44 percent of these respondents vocalise that they often left over 30 percent or more.Especially, at buffets and all- you-can-eat sushi or hot push-down storage restaurants, patrons can be tempted to pile too much on their plates. ? Disposing is cheaper than using or re- using. For example, the unsold vegetable and fruit will be dumped everyday even some of them are still fresh in the next day, because the labour cost of picking is higher than the benefit of selling. 1. 3. 2 sustenance waste situation in oversea countries and regions ? Global Fig. 1. 7 Gl obal food waste (PWC, 2012) 10In Global, just like the per centum of food waste in Hong Kong, one third of the food is wasted or discarded. viands waste in industrialized countries is as high as in developing countries, but in developing countries more than 40% of the food losses occur at post harvest and processing levels, while in industrialized countries, more than 40% of the food losses occur at retail and consumer levels.. Figure 8 shows that the per capita food loss in Europe and North-America is 280-300 kg/year.In sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia it is 120-one hundred seventy kg/year. The meat per capita production of edible parts of food for human consumption is, in Europe and North-America, about 900 kg/year and, in sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia, 460 kg/year (Jenny Gustavsson, 2011). Fig. 1. 8 food for thought waste in different regions (Jenny Gustavsson, 2011) ? Korea Korea has a very short history (less than 10 years) for food waste cycle by its own way. In Korea, the percentage of food waste which is separately pile up is over 80%.Although the treatment techniques are advanced and over 80% of collected food waste is carrying to feedstuff and compost, the demand of the products is low in the whole society and the product situation is difficult. Nowadays , Korea has reconsidered its reuse transcription to do a crude and sustainable structure. ? Taiwan 11 The food waste recycling applied science in Taiwan is also relatively mature with an eight-year history. Now Taiwan recycles an amount of food waste akin to the volume of waste processed daily in two 900-tonne incineration constitutes.The food waste which accounts for 75% of total food waste collected is converted into predate feed and 24% food waste is composted. The rest 1% is hardened for other uses. ? U. S. In the U. S. , more than 34 million tonnes of food waste was generated in 2010 (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Food makes up the largest p ercentage of waste going into municipal landfills and combusted for heftiness convalescence in the U. S. (Fig. 9). Fig. 1. 9 Food waste in the U. S. (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) ? AustraliaIn Australia, the amount of food waste discarded per year is about 3 million tonnes and 95% of compostable items are food waste (Australia Institute, 2005). The food waste production increased by 0. 5kg/w in 2007 compared to that in 2004 (3. 7kg/w). Sydney, the city with the larest population in 12 Australia, generates a high matter of food waste in their general bins with close to 50%. Another study is found to analyze the cost of food waste in Australia. Australia wastes more than $5. 2 billion in food a year (Penny Pryor, 2011).This is quite a lot of money and it suggests that the situation of food waste in Australia is also serious. The study concludes that t he biggest and most successful inducing to reducing food waste in Australia is saving money. Fig. 1. 10 Cost of foo d waste in Australia (Penny Pryor, 2011) ? Europe Excluding agricultural food waste and fish discards, about 90 million tonnes of food is wasted annually or 180 kg per capita per year in Europe. It has been projected that if no action is taken, the amount of food waste in Europe will r severally 126 milling tonnes by 2020. 2 purpose 2. 1 Case study of HK 13 2. 1. Minimization approaches for food waste in Hong Kong There are more approaches are proposed for the minimization of Food waste in Hong Kong. But most of them are proposed by voluntary presidency. And a general guideline for reduction and centering of food waste for food attend to institutions are proposed by jet planeer Action Fig 2. 1 The guideline for food waste reduction and management from Greener Action And other approaches or organizations for reduction of food waste include Food Bank provide Hong Kong is the only food bank in Hong Kong dedicated to redistributing surplus food to people in need.By providing a br idge amid the food industry and the hungry of Hong Kong, they provide a solution that simultaneously cuts food waste and feeds those most in need. Fig 2. 2 The mission of Feeding Hong Kong from the website of Feed Hong Kong 14 Food Angel Besides, Food Angel is a food rescue and assistant program which help to reduce the multiplication of food waste in Hong Kong. They connect food producers and charitable organizations in local communities to check over efficient food provision to the underprivileged. Food recycle Sche me Food Recycling corpse is a cowcatcher food accruement program operated by CTU Education keister Ltd.The scheme is aim to collect and process unsold fresh food from market and make delicious vegetarian lunch which offers to unemployed trainees in t for each one centre at lower price. It can save over 30,000 kg of wasted food yearly. Foodlink Foundation Limited is a registered non-profit organization which is aim to fight hunger and poverty by minimizing food wastage. The organization collects surplus and donated food from various hotels and F&B outlets and delivers it to shelters and to the needy, thereby generating a sustainable food-recycling system. The Foodlink operation is as follows Fig 2. 3 The Foodlink operation from FoodlinkThe voluntary organizations also launched several activities to enhance public awareness of reduction of food waste, like the ? Save Food day on Wednesday? proposed by Greeners Action and ? Order less(prenominal) bolt Less? proposed by Friends of the Earth. 15 Fig 2. 4 The poster of Save Food Day on Wednesday from Save Greeners Action Fig 2. 5 The photo from the website of Friends of the Earth Implementation These actions are subservient to reduce the extension of food waste, but there is no veritable figure of the reduction amount of food waste by these actions, and without the help of government, the achievement is limited. 16 2. . 2 Reuse/recycling approached of food waste in Hong Kong Kowloon Bay Pil ot Composting Plant To gather experience and information on parade of source separated food waste and the application of biological engineering science to recycle food waste in Hong Kong, the Environmental Protection Department developed the Pilot Composting Plant (KBPCP) at the Kowloon Bay angry Recycling Centre (KBWRC) in mid-2008. Implementation The total treatment capacity of the KBPCP is 500 tonnes of food waste feedstock per year and about light speed tonnes of compost product will be produced. Fig 2. 6 surpassling Process of KBPCP from website of EPDFood exhaust Recycling Partnership Scheme EPD launched the ? Food foul up Recycling Partnership Scheme together with commercial & industrial (C&I) sectors in 2009 to promote good food waste management coiffure and to gain experience on food waste source withdrawal and recycling. Implementation During the operation of the ? Food unfounded Recycling Partnership Scheme, 17 participants practised food waste source separati on and taked the separated food waste in the designated disposition bins provided by EPD at the assigned charm points for collectio n by EPD to the KBPCP for recycling.EPD was responsible for cleaning the collection bins. At present, the participants of the scheme already increase to 70. Fig 2. 7 Poster of Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme from website of EPD Organic Waste interference Facilities The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) has decided to develop the Organic Waste Treatment Facilities (OWTF) which will be developed in two phase. The OWTF will adopt biological technologies composting and anaerobic digestion to stabilize the total waste and moot it into compost and bio splatter for recovery.The biogas produced in each phase of the OWTF could be used as renewable energy. A site search to locate suitable sites for the OWTF was completed. The proposed sites for the first phase and second phase of the OWTF are located at Siu Ho Wan of North Lantau and Shali ng at North District respectively. 18 Fig 2. 8 Artists Impression of the Organic Waste Treatment Facilities from website of EPD Implementation The total daily treatment capacity of OWTF is 400-500 tonnes of organic fertilizer waste per day, and about 28 million kWh of surplus electricity can be supplied to the great power football field per year.The first phase of the OWTF may be accomplished in 2 or 3 years, it can treat 200 tonnes of organic waste (mostly food waste) per day. 19 Fig 2. 9 The process of anaerobic digestion from website of EPD Electrical Composter Some of the leftovers in commercial & industrial sectors are now eliminated in situ by electric composter proposed by EPD. Food waste is putted into a mechanical digester by fermentation and other processes to turn most of it into water and carbon dioxide inwardly one day. And the residue will be sent to landfill.Implementation The composter can reduce the volume of food waste sent to landfill in some extent, but th ere is not certain information for the reduction volume as the composter can be purchased from private producer. 20 Fig 2. 10 The electrical composterGomixer from Hong Kong chocking on food waste Food Waste Recycling Projects in trapping Estates Environment and Conservation Fund (ECF) has allocated $50 million as subsidy and has launched a funding project, ? Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing Estates? , to hike the separated collection and recycling of food waste from households in July 2011.Implementation 11 estates were given funding support in the first phase with a total storage allocation of about $9 million. The participate estates have received subsidies to undertake on-the-scene(prenominal) treatment of source separated food waste and to encourage households to reduce food waste. And it is estimated that about 45 surplus estates could be cover in the second phase. Besides, EPD has also commissioned the Hong Kong Productivity Council (HKPC) to operate a help-desk dish for the potential housing estate applicants and those participating food waste separation, collection and recycling Government departments.The services include ? assisting in identification of a suitable site for place the food waste treatment facility within the housing estate prior to formal application ? providing professional and technical advices to potential applicants or participating government departments during planning and, implementation stages and ? conducting evaluation of performance, effectiveness and outcomes. 21 Fig 2. 11 The poster of Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing Estates from website of help-desk service for food waste recycling project in housing estateFood waste recycling technology-Bokashi Greeners Action introduced the food waste recycling technology-Bokashi from New Zealand in 2010, this technology can help people dispose their food waste at home. Implementation More than 170 households has bought this food waste recycling system, and so me pilot projects have been launched in schools and residential area in these two years. 22 Fig 2. 12 The poster of Bokashi from website of Greeners Action Individual recycling company Green whim is a recycling company in Yeun Long which collects used school lunch boxes and separates and recycles both the food waste and plastic container.Generally, they can recycle about 800 thousands of school lunch boxes every day, which can reduce the food waste in some extent. Fig 2. 13 The design from we bsite of Green Idea Kowloon Biotechnology Ltd is a recycling company using the food waste to produce feedstuff. It can recycle about 50 tons every day to produce different kind of feedstuff. Hong Kong Organic Waste Recycling Center is a company which can offer a series of recycling service for organic waste. They use the advanced technology combing the experiences from local expert and oversea countries to provide a help in recycling of food waste in Hong Kong. 23 Fig 2. 4 The heading from we bsite of HKOWRC 2. 1. 3 Case of minimization and recycling of food waste in schools 2. 1. 3. 1 The situation of food waste in schools Solid waste is divided into some 60 categories at present, of which the ? dining wares make of plastic/poly- foam? covers basically all types of disposable food and drink containers and cutlery. In 2007, the volume of such waste we disposed of amounted to about 199 tonnes per day. Disposable food containers are usually do of non-degradable materials that will sojourn in earth forever and pollute the environment, which increases the difficulty of recycling of food waste. . 1. 3. 2 The objective of Green eat scheme To reduce the contemporaries of food waste and protect our environment, schools can help by drawing up and adopting a suitable green lunch policy based on the principle of ? Reduc ing Pollution and Minimizing Wastage?. 2. 1. 3. 3 Analysis of meal arrangement in schools Meal arrangements in schools can be mainly divided into two types by the containers they used reusable or disposable containers. Reusable containers mean those are robust and durable enough for repeated washing and reuse.Meals served in reusable containers may be portioned either on-site or off-site, namely, of import/On-Site Portioning and Off-site Portioning. Central/On-Site Portioning Cooked food is delivered by lunch suppliers to schools in bulk, and then(prenominal) re- heated and portioned in-situ for distribution to students. 24 Fig 2. 15 Central/On-Site Portioning from Green luncheon Guideline Off-Site Portioning Cooked food is prepared and portioned at the kitchens of lunch suppliers and delivered to schools in lunch boxes according to the amount ordered. Fig 2. 16 Off-Site Portioning from Green Lunch Guideline . 1. 3. 4 Proposal for central/on-site portioning in schools The central/on-site portioning is better than off-site portioning in many aspects. Therefore, schools are proposed to applied central/on-site portioning in order to redu ce pollution and minimize wastage. The benefits of central/on-site portioning in schools include 25 ? All dining wares used including trays, dishes, bowls, chopsticks, knives and forks, etc. are wash-and-wear and reusable. Basically, no disposable containers and cutlery are used, which increases the potential of recycling of food waste.The amount of food portioned can be flexibly adjusted on request by students, which can reduce the potential of generation of left over by student. And the volume of lunch supplied can be adjusted according to the leftover generated, which reduce the food waste and wastage considerably. According to teachers and students, eating at canteens is much more joyful and arouse than in classrooms, providing a unique social activity for students. ? ? Fig 2. 17 Photo from Green Lunch Guideline 2. 1. 3. 5 Implementationan example of school of central/on-site portioning St.Edwards Catholic primal School is a successful example applying central/on-site portion ing. The school spent almost a year for the arrangement of central/on-site portioning the preparation works include the selection of proper place for central/on-site portioning and the lunch supplier, and communication with the students parents. After the application of central/on-site portioning, the volume of food waste has been reduced and most of them can be recycled. Besides, the food waste separation and collection processes enhance the environmental awareness of students, and the 26 isposable lunchbox is not used for lunch anymore. Fig 2. 18 The situation of central/on-site portioning in St. Edwards Catholic Primary School from Green Lunch Guideline 2. 1. 4 Conclusion of strategies in HK The EPD has proposed several schemes for the reuse or recycling of food waste in young years, including strategies of collection and recycling facilities. Therefore, we may forecast that the increasing volume of food waste will be turn into useful product or renewable energy by effective sep aration.But for the strategy of minimization of food waste, most of them are proposed by voluntary organization without the governmental help. 2. 2 Minimization and strategies in oversea countries 2. 2. 1 New Zealand The government supports and subsidizes households to reuse/recycle the food waste on-site. Non-edible food waste is regularly composted either through a collection service, with home composting or with a worm farm. A survey of households in 2007showed that 79% shop in a way to foreclose food wastage, 63% carry out home composting and 10% have a worm farm. And one 27 f the ways to prevent food wastage for supermarkets and grocery stores is donating the food to the voluntary organizations, like Food not Bombs which uses their discarded food to feed people at film nights and markets. Kai to Compost is a food waste collection scheme for restaurants and businesses. The scheme collects food waste from restaurants and takes it to the Living Earth countersink at the Southern Landfill, where the material is mixed with green waste and used to produce compost. It was initially a trial scheme with government funding but is now a user pays scheme involving 50 businesses.Up until the end of 2006, the Council had collected 456 tonnes of food waste. Fig 2. 19 Kai to Compost collection truck 2. 2. 2 Korea Korea government has veto direct landfill of the food wastes in 2005 and has paid much confinement to build up the collection system and reuse/recycling facilities for food waste a. The reuse/recycling methods of food waste Separated collection method of food wastes at source 28 b. Dry Feedstuff Production c. Wet Feedstuff Production 29 d. Compost e. Anaerobic Digestion Facility 30 Besides, Separated disposal of food waste is now lawfully mandatory.The waste collectors can refuse to collect the food water ice or fine the dumper if the trash was not separated well. Through this comprehensive food wastes reduction plan and financial support for installing foo d wastes recycling facility, the recycling rate of food waste is already up to 94% in 2005, from 45. 1% in 2002. And in Seoul, the collecting rate of food waste is up to 100% in 2008. For the reduction of food waste, Seoul is about to start a trial run of large self-locking receptacles that weigh the amount of food refuse deposited into them by each household and charges accordingly.Fig 2. 20 Pay-by-volume clean Q system for food waste 31 And the dumping of waste water generated by the processing of leftover food into the sea will be illegalise from 2013, according to the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime affairs. The Ministry of Environment started to centralize on the biogas plant which can turn the waste water into clean fuel in recent years. 2. 2. 3 Taiwan Since the fiscal year 2001, the EPA has been subsidizing the local town, county and city governments to establish their kitchen waste collection and recycling programs.In 2007, the kitchen waste recycling program ha s been incorporated into EPAs 2007-2012 Public Development chopine-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program, in order to achieve proper treatment of all collected kitchen waste and to complement the ? Zero Waste? policy. The schemes for reuse or recycling of food waste include 1 Education and Promotion of Kitchen Waste Recycling Program Promote Green Eating Habits Kitchen Waste Reduction Campaign Train kitchen waste recycling education seed instructors, and conduct on-the-job training for implementation organizations responsible somebodynel ? ? ? run for with schools, communities and environmental groups to conduct education, promotion, demonstration and training activities ? Prepare promotional brochures and handbooks to teach residents how to conduct kitchen waste sorting, collection and reuse ? ? Promote kitchen waste recycling on the radio, cable TV and news media Establish kitchen waste recycling webpages on central, county and city governments websites. 2 Establish Kitchen Waste Collection and Transportation System ? Implement kitchen waste collection and transportation from households, schools, military bases and correctional facilities 32 ?Modifications or purchases of garbage trucks for use in kitchen waste recycling, and purchases of kitchen waste recycling buckets ? ? Design collection zones, routes, transportation modes, and develop collection goals Establish temporary storage sites for collected kitchen waste, purchase transfer mac hinery and cleaning equipment ? Organize demonstration of a better-performing local government program, purify collection system and man-power input. 3 Establish modes of kitchen waste reuse ? Reuse of kitchen waste as pig feed after high temperature sterilization, or use as organic fertilizer after composting Inspect pig farms permitted to use recycled kitchen waste as feed to ensure proper feed sterilization and pig immunization ? Establish regional kitchen waste reuse factories/sites, such as high temper ature sterilization facilities, composting sites, anaerobic digesters etc. ? ? Transport kitchen waste to mire and compost manufacturers to produce organic fertilizers Enhance the quality and technologies of the compost produced by local governments composting plants ? Provide incentive assistance and subsidies to private sector to encourage establishment of kitchen waste recycling and reuse facilities. 4 Develop markets for recycled kitchen waste products ? ? ? Establish long-term quality and quantity data for recycled kitchen waste Develop and evaluate safety inspection and tests for kitchen waste recycling and reuse products Develop and evaluate other possible kitchen waste reuse options, such as bend into feedstuff or adopt anaerobic fermentation ? Work with Council of Agriculture and other local governments agriculture competent authorities or associations to jointly promote kitchen waste reuse means. 33 Fig 2. 21 Compost Plant in TaiwanBesides, in order to continue the kit chen waste recycling efforts and assist the local governments in establishing diversified kitchen waste reuse system, the following kitchen waste daily collection and reuse goals have been set between 2007 and 2012 Table 2. 1 kitchen waste daily collection and reuse goals Implementation At present, all 319 local town and township governments nationwide are implementing the kitchen waste recycling program. Through the combined efforts of EPA and local governments, the recycling rate of food waste is up to 36% in 2008 and 1977 tonnes of kitchen waste in Taiwan is recycled every day in 2009.Of the methods used to treat food waste, about 75% undergoes steam treatment to make pig feed, while 24% enters composting systems and 1% undergoes other processes, like incineration. 2. 2. 4 Case of The East Bay Municipal Utility District 34 The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) of the San Francisco Bay Area has done a big(p) job in converting food waste to methane gas and later to energ y. The East Bay Municipal Utility Districts food waste energy project turns magnitude of food waste to energy through completely natural process. The eco friendly method helps people convert their food waste to methane gas.EMBUD utilize the natural process like the Muckbuster to turn the raw food waste to clean energy. Muckbuster is an anaerobic digester from a green firm called the SeaB and turns deserted food items into clean energy. The container like system has the capability to recycle fractional a ton of food waste to generate the amount of energy required to run one hundred fifty computers. Muckbuster is outfitted with advanced technologies to derive methane from food waste through a biological process. The methane is later flowed through a heat and power system to produce electricity. Fig 2. 22 Muckbuster Anaerobic Digester from EcofriendBesides, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) collects and carries the pumpkin waste into its plants to produce energy. Every year in the U. S. , after the Halloween, heaps of pumpkins will move to the landfalls. This food waste is also recycled in EBMUD. The bacteria breakdown of the pumpkin waste along with other food waste will produce methane gases, which can be used to produce energy. 35 Fig 2. 23 Pumpkin Power from Ecofriend The EBMUD was honored in 2007 with a distribute of $50,000 by the EPA to encourage it develop new methods for digesting food waste to produce methane gas.The power produced by the EBMUD is used to run the regional waste water treatment plant. Fig 2. 24 EBMUDs example of turning waste into energy from Ecofriend 36 3 Critical Comparison 3. 1 Comparisons Mountains of food waste are a growing problem in many affluent countries. In Hong Kong, where people love to eat out, leftover food takes up much of the limited space in city landfills. So the thought for Hong Kong recycle/reuse efficiency, technologies applied and strategies or policies conducted with overseas countries is very significant. 3. 1. Recycle/Reuse efficiency In fact, the data of food wastes generation per person per year in different countries are different. In New Zealand, about 258,886 tonnes of food waste goes to landfill each year. That works out to be 64kg per person per year. And thats just in New Zealand. At the meanwhile, its about 70kg per person per year of food waste in UK. And the US gets a number of approximately 82kg per person per year dumped into the landfill. In addition, there are several data about food waste by different country shown in Figure 3. 1. Figure 3. Food waste in different countries (kg/cap/year) In esteem of the population in HK, we can play the food wastes per person per year. According to the Census and Statistics Department in HK, the population of HK is 7,136,300 by 37 Mid-2012. By the investigation of EPD website, there is approximately 3,584 tonnes food waste produced in Hong Kong every day. And 3200 tonnes of food among it is sent to landfill each day. So 3584tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3584tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3200tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3200tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 ? 365 = 197kg person /year, = 0. 0kg person /day of food waste generation and ? 365 = 164kg person /year , = 0. 45kg person /day of food waste dumped into landfill would be the results. From the comparison of the data above, we can conclude that HK is one of the largest generation areas of food waste in the world and that the most important and efficient way is reducing the food waste generation rather than recycling and reusing approaches which are also indispensable. We assume that the residuals are totally recycled or reused in a sustainable way. The recycle/reuse efficiency would be like that 3584 ? 200 ? 100% = 11% 3584 That is to say the recycle/reuse efficiency of food waste in HK is 11% at most. Table 3. 1 Food waste recycling rates in developed Asian nations. rural Korea (2005) Japan (2007) Taiwan (2008) capital of capital of Si ngapore (2008) Annual Food Waste Generated (ton) Daily Food Waste Generated 4,755,220 20,000,000 1,899,379 568,000 13,028 54,795 5,190 1,556 38 (ton/d) Annual Food waste recycled (ton) Daily Food waste recycled (ton/d) Food waste recycling rate, % creation (million) Daily Food Waste Generated per capita(kg/d/ca) Daily Food Waste Recycled per capita(kg/d/ca) 0. 6 0. 09 0. 08 0. 04 0. 27 0. 43 0. 23 0. 31 48 127 23 5 94 20 36 12 12,246 10,956 1,889 186 4,469,907 4,000,000 691374 68000 Whereas, Table 3. 1 generally illustrates the food waste recycling rates in developed Asian nations. With the observation of this figure and the assumed recycle/reuse efficiency in Hong Kong, we can get the idea that the combination of strategies implemented and the technologies applied processes better in a country order HK, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. 3. 1. Different campaigns and laws in approaches to food wastes in different countries 39 3. 1. 2. 1 Korea 1994 Start composting demonstration projects in 12 cities. 1995 Korean government established the ? Committee for the Management of Food Waste 1996 Kyonggi Province declares ? War against food waste? 1999 Food waste collection in Suwon City (Kyonggi Province) 2002 Establish a voluntary agreement for food waste reduction ( in conjunction with FIFA world cup) 2005 Direct land- filling of food waste has been banned 2006 2,520 tons of stemma and food waste per day was dumped into the ocean 3. 1. 2. 2 Japan 2001 Food waste recycling law 2004 Regional food waste composting in Sendai 2006 Recycling of Organic Waste in Aya Town reached 20%, food-related business has to submit an annual report to report how the food waste is treated 2007 Revised of Food waste recycling law Co. 2007 7-11 parent company + Agri Gaia System turn food waste into animal feedstock 3. 1. 2. Taiwan 2001 EPA starts food waste recycling in government departments 2003 capital of Taiwan starts food waste recycling policy 2006 Whole Taiwan (309 towns and townships) carried out food waste collection and recycling 2007 2007-2012 Public Development Program-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program 3. 1. 2. 4 Singapore 2003 Food from the Heart started the Bread distribution Programme 2007 IUT + NEA + Veolia collect food waste from markets 3. 1. 2. 5 Hong Kong 40 2009 Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme 2011 Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing EstatesFrom the campaigns and laws mentioned above, we can deduce that Korea, Japan and Taiwan start to recycle or reuse the food waste in 1995, 2001, 2001 respectively. They start to recycle and reuse the food wastes much earlier than that in Hong Kong although there is a tremendous amount of food waste generating every day. Just in 2005, Direct land-filling of food waste was already banned, however, up to now, there is still a large amount of food waste sent to the landfill for dumping. Actually, a few years ago, the approach in compost was already conducted in Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Whereas, Hong Kong uses this technology just in recent years. . 1. 3 Technologies applied in food waste Nowadays most of collected food waste has been recycled to compost and animal feedstuff. A very small part is used in anaerobic digestion. Table 3. 2. Different technologies used in different nations Country Feedstock Composting Anaerobic digestion Others Korea(2005) Japan(2007) Taiwan(2007) Singapore(2008) 54. 4% 50. 0% 77. 6% 75. 5% 29. 7% 45. 0% 21. 8% 2. 4% 1. 4% 5. 0% N. A. 22. 0% 14. 4% N. A. 0. 6% 0. 1% Same situation appears in Korea, Japan and Taiwan that they recycle food waste to feed the livestock at first step and to compost secondly.But the technologies applied in Singapore may be a little different that the food waste is delivered to feed livestock and then delivered to the anaerobic lagoon. The three different technologies in recycling or reusing the food waste are judged by the following models. 41 3. 1. 3. 1 Food waste composting Composting is one means of reducing the problems associated with landfills, incinerators, and other food waste disposal methods. There are as many different ways to compost as there are people who compost There are four basic ingredients needed to compostOxygen, Water, Carbon (Brown material such as wood chips, brown leaves, or shredded newspaper), and north (Green wet waste such as grass clippings, or fruit and vegetable scraps from your kitchen). If you have these ingredients, you can compost at your home, office, or school. Figure 3. 2 shows how food waste flows in a composting way. Figure 3. 2 Food waste flowchart in composting way from http//www. wastereduction. unc. edu/CampusRecycling/FoodWasteComposting. aspx For food wastes compost, there are some benefits and deficiencies in it. Benefits of Compost 42 ? ? Enriches soil, helping retain moisture and suppress plant diseases and pests. Reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. Encourages the production of beneficial bacteria and fungi that break do wn organic matter to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material. ? ? Reduces methane emissions from landfills and lowers your carbon footprint. Compost is a marketable product Besides the illustration above, households, businesses and institutions may save money by composting items such as food scraps while displace less waste to landfills and incinerators.In addition, you can even get the payback from selling compost. Deficiency of Compost If food waste is not incorporated into the soil it loses normality to the atmosphere and may retain less nitrogen than the compost. Composting requires a time commitment to properly manage the windrows to produce quality compost. Specialized windrow turners may be required, but they can come at with a high price tag. The composting site and storage for sinless product can use a considerable area of land. Money and time may be spent advertising, packaging, and managing the business. 3. 1. 3. 2 Feed animalsThe feeding of food waste or garbage to swine and other livestock animals is a common practice throughout the world and is often concentrated around metropolitan centers. Food plate waste (formerly referred to as garbage) may be fed to other livestock species, but has most often been used as a source of feed for swine. High disposal costs and fees encourage the feeding of food/plate waste. The advantages in applying this measure are listed below a) It can eliminate a large amount of food waste. 43 b) It can save the feeding cost by switch the fodder. c) Elevate the rates of using resources . 1. 3. 3 Anaerobic digestion If 50 percent of the food waste generated each year in the U. S. was anaerobically digested, enough electricity would be generated to power 2. 5 million homes for a year. With the highly of Halloween, millions of pounds of pumpkins have turned from seasona l decorations to trash destined for compost heaps or landfills. The story is a little different in Oakland, California. Thanks to the pioneering wor k of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), discarded pumpkins and other food waste are used as a source of renewable electricity. How is that possible?First, waste haulers gather post-consumer food waste and deliver it to EBMUDs anaerobic digesters. Inside these fiend tanks, bacteria break down the food waste and release methane gas as a byproduct. EBMUD captures this gas and uses it to generate electricity in onsite generators. A ton of food waste provides about 367 m3 of gas, and digesting 100 tons of food wastes five days a week can generate enough electricity to power 1,000 homes. Once the food waste has been digested, the remaining solids make an excellent natural fertilizer, so they can be used to get next years pumpkin crop started.Figure 2. 9 shows how it works. Figure 3. 4. shows how the food waste is recycled or reused in a anaerobic digested way. Firstly, the food waste from industrial, commercial and schools will be collected. And then it will be sent into Ce ntralized Anaerobic Digestion. After the anaerobic digestion for food waste, it will be converted into two valuable products, renewable ener gy and fertilizer, which is used to supply electric power and indirectly reduce the GHGs from coal burning in the thermal power plant and amend soil respectively. 44 Figure 3. 4 Food waste flowchart in anaerobic digestion way.The merits for anaerobic digestion are listed below a) Generated biogas can be recycled and utilized. It can be used directly as a fuel or for biogas power generation. b) c) Digestion residues (ie, residual sludge) can be used as primary organic fertilizer raw materials. The concentrated sludge dewatering filtrate can be used as plant fertilizer or aquaculture utilization. d) e) f) The odor is easy to control and hard to escape. Compared with the compost product, organics can be more completely and equally composted. The treatment effect is stable and suitable for engineering applications. 3. . 4 Barrie rs in food waste r ecycle/reuse in Hong Kong There is a large capacity of food waste generation in Hong Kong as above mentioned. Only a certain small part is disposed in a Green way and the other part is generally dumped into the landfill. This will not only have an adverse effect on our environment but also cause the resources waste. Why 45 does the situation in HK act like this? First of all, the amount of food waste generation in HK is larger and larger while EPD is only concentrating in the technologies of food waste recycle/reuse rather than reducing food wastes from the sources.The lack of education in food wastes may be the second reason. Hong Kong is a multi-cultural city with numerous restaurants. However, the public lacks the innovation of saving food. In neighbouring countries like Korea and Taiwan, the average food waste amount per person is 20-30% less. Thirdly, the number of effective policies in Hong Kong introduced to the food waste manage ment is lower than some other countries. A pr oject in Taiwan called ? 2007-2012 Public Development Program-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program? was conducted to achieve proper treatment of all collected food waste and to complement the ?Zero Waste? policy. In Guangzhou, ? Interests bind system? ( ) was introduced that residents who were taking an active part in the garbage classification, organizers and sanitation workers would earn a certain amount of money according to the benefits of recycled resources. So it really makes a connection between households and garbage classification and encourages people to be more motivated in protecting our environment. Fourthly, the recent precipitate increase of premium and rent are dragging the development o f recycled food wastes. In 2001, EPD promotes a programme called Environment and Conservation Fund ?Community Waste Recovery Projects? which is attracted by a great deal of communities to participate. However, the sharp cost in maintaining the projects almost results in the end of the plans lifetime. Fifthly, the technologies in recycling and reusing the food wastes are not developed very well and many programmes are just on the way. In Japan, TM Corporation invented ERS (Environmental Recycling System) that is a High-Speed Composting (Fermentation & Drying) System which can convert a batch of organic matter or waste into value-added products such as fertilizer or animal feed within 2-24 hours.While in Hong Kong, it usually takes half a month in converting the food wastes 46 to composts. In Sweden, 35% of the recycled food is devoted to be fermented with methane to generate electric power. Last but not least, the majority approaches in recycling the food waste in Hong Kong is composting. The government also encourages the privates to convert the food wastes to composts. However, the composts offered by the privates were hard to be found the markets. Many people who lost their capital in compost investment ever are not confident with this technol ogy.In addition, Food waste is always mixed with general waste in the kitchen e. g. plastics, knife, cans etc and food waste barrels is usually too heavy to move. And for most of the hotels and restaurants, additional storage space is needed for food waste. 3. 2 Recommendations The problem of food waste is not only about technical issues such as waste treatment beyond that, cultural themes like the idea of consumption and human relationship with nature are involved too.Moreover, the solution to it should not be restricted to individual action government policy and even cultural change should also play a significant role. From two frameworks in reducing food waste in UK and US as references, the suggestions for the solutions lucubrate below are in a same order which are shown in Figure 3. 5 and 3. 6. 47 Figure 3. 5 The food waste benefit from http//www. companyshop. ltd. uk/corporate-social-responsibility/disposal-route. aspx Figure 3. The food waste pyramid from US. http//www. ep a. gov/foodrecovery/The government or the organizations faced with food waste should make some public service advertisements about the impacts on the environment, create a website to educate public in food waste reduction and even can organize some activities to enhance the peoples comprehension of the food waste acquaintance and starving in other countries. In addition, the society should set up a correct concept for the food consumption. 48 An organization called Food Angel in Hong Kong is working excellent in reducing the food waste from source. It collects food from all segments of food industry which is usually abandoned due to some reasons.Then they prepare healthy nutritional meal boxes in their own professional kitchen and finally deliver the meal boxes to individuals and families in need. The government should encourage and reward the organizations like Food Angel who can reduce the food waste from sources. The government should make several effective policies on the food waste. System of rewards and penalties to the charity organizations and commercial companies associated with the food waste should be set up. And more programme on reducing the food waste from sources should be carried out and encouraged to be conducted.In addition, new and high efficiency technologies should be made an effort to develop. Furthermore, due to the high cost including premium and the rent for food waste recycling, EPD should give a hand like increase the amount of subsidy to the committee to help them to turn the corner. Generally speaking, in consideration with the nowadays situation in HK, the experiences from Korea and Japan can be a good example to submit with. We deduce that the food waste recycled in Hong Kong should follow in this order 1) Feed animals 2)Used to compost 3)Deliver to the anaerobic lagoon.The reason for the first one is that the animals can have a good digestion with it and only generate manure rather than leachate or waste residuals. The reason for the second one is that proper compost may content the market and also reduce a certain amount of food waste to be dumped into landfill. The last reason is that after the anaerobic digestion itll generate electric power which can be used by residents and can also reduce the carbon dioxide from coal burning in Tsing Yi Power Station. In addition, new and high efficiency technologies should be made an effort to develop.To acquire best cost-efficiency and the lowest impact on the environment, the combination of 3 main technologies in nowadays should be conducted as well. To make the technologies run safely and 49 smoothly, food waste classification should also be in deep consideration. At the meanwhile, people who are authorized by EPD may have the right to ticket when they check the classification of the food waste. In the future, we may transform food waste into laundry detergent, plastic ingredients, and a host of everyday products, in a discovery that may ease pressure on the ci tys bulging landfills.According to the research made by an environmental scientist at City University of Hong Kong, food waste can be transformed into bioenergy that can be used to generate heat and electricity, and at the same time reduce the volume of food waste destined for landfills by at least 50%. 4 Conclusion While our neighborKoran and Taiwan made an great achievement in the food waste problem, Hong Kong just started to focus on this kind of problem because of the full- load of landfills by 2018. The collection and recycling strategies applied in recent years may reduce the volume of food waste sent to landfill.But as Hong Kong is one of the largest generation areas of food waste in the world, it is still doubtful whether the recycling rate of food waste can catch up with the present increasing rate of food waste. Therefore, the government should pay more attention on the minimization of food waste and the cooperation with unofficial organization to reduce the generation of food waste in the future. With both the strategies of minimization and reuse/recycling, the food waste prob lems can be solved efficaciously in Hong Kong.