Prison system of the 18th and the early 19th century Essay

In the early 1800’s, state prisoner were leased to Florida companies where they were often worked as slave labor. Mart Taber was a young prisoner convicted of stealing a ride on a freight train. He died as a result of the brutal treatment administered by a lumber company boss to whom he was leased. The prison system of the 1800’s and the early 1900’s was based on cruel and inhumane treatment. Punishment was very tragic. The prisoners were treated as animal and consider less of inhuman because of their lawlessness. They were made to right the wrongs that they have committed either trough physical pain, endure mutilation, torture, mulcted in fines, deprive of liberty, adjudges as slave or even put to death. The American prison as we know began in New York in the early 19th century. â€Å"Reformation† was the goal of the founders of the system. During the colonial period and in the early years of the nation, long-term imprisonment was not a common form of punishment in prison. Instead, execution was the prescribed penalty for a wide range of offenses. People who committed less serious offenses faced public punishment such as pillorying, whipping and maiming. At the beginning of the 19th century, imprisonment had replaced public punishment and execution as a form of punishment for most crimes, except murder and treason. The early places of imprisonment ranged from wood frame houses to copper mine, such as the Connecticut prison in 1790. Then, in the early 19th century two concepts of imprisonment were introduced in New York and Pennsylvania, including what the structures should look like and how they should be operated, â€Å"Few people had any idea what the structures should look like or how they should be administered.† (The Evolution of the New YorkPrison System, Part I. Page1) These institutions were not only meant to be houses of convicted criminals, they also had the objective of reforming inmates into temperate, industrious, hard-working citizens and return them to their societies as new men. Sentences were long enough to allow the prison system its program of reformation. In Pennsylvania, the prison system of reformation was to separate the inmate and provide him with a small room and a exercise area totally isolated from  the human companionship â€Å"Only in the purity of complete isolation could be the corruption be overcome and the restoration of faith and honesty be attained† (The Evolution of the New YorkPrison System, Part I. Page2) After an appropriate period of total isolation and inactivity, the prisoner was allowed to small bits of handicraft work and a Bible in his cell. The inmate was not allowed to see another prisoner. The founders of the prison system believed that isolation was the only way for a prisoner is rehabilitated. Prison system of the 18th and early 19th century left a reasonable quantity of dead prisoners and also physical abuse to the inmate. The crime that any prisoner has committed doesn’t justify the cruel and inhumane treatment they receive in jail. If the founders of the prison system from that time of period wouldn’t have been so cruel, they would had avoid so many death and people being maltreated. Instead of merciless punishment they should had given them social work as their sentence and should had taken advantage from the prisoners keeping in mind that they are human beings.

How far do Stalin’s fears and suspicions account for the extent of the terror in the USSR in the years 1936-39?

One of the definitive factors of Stalin’s Russia is the mass array of terror he cast over his nation during his tyrannous reign which was fuelled by purges of people from all walks of life; this stemmed from kulaks on the collectivised farming to ‘saboteurs’ in the industrial aspects who were said to be at fault for un met quotas. Stalin held his country in peril, but for what reason?Ultimately it can be regarded as a disproportionate amount of fear and suspicion blinding Stalin in extenuating paranoia thus leading to the terror seen in the years from 1936-39. Although this is not the full reason, it must also be taken into account the economic difficulties and external threats faced at the time, so Stalin’s fear is not the full reason to the extent of the terror.Notably, in 1936 Stalin declared the Soviet Union was in â€Å"a state of siege† which lead to his progressive terrorising of the Soviet Union. The key origin of the terror that unfolded is often remarked as the murder of Kirov on the 1st of December 1934. Stalin was said to become suspicious of others and is likely to have feared for himself after the death of this highly regarded member of the central committee because it could indicate that someone was attempting to overthrow him.This fear of losing his power is to and extent accountable for the terror which took place, in particular the purges of the party because these are likely to be the people who wanted his position so he would have been suspicious that these were the one that wanted him dead and therefore they had to be cleansed- this, if true it would be a driving factor because Stalin wanted more than anything to maintain his power. However, it has been postulated that the murder of Kirov was an elaborate plot devised by Stalin.Kirov was said to at times receive more applause than Stalin in meetings, this demonstrates that Kirov was highly popular and because he opposed the speed of industrialisation and ex treme measures of party discipline Stalin may have not wanted him to be impressionable on other party members, which he clearly was exemplified by him receiving more applause than Stalin a man who was clapped where ever he went.So overall it appears rather apparent that whether the murder was or  was not organised by Stalin fear was a fore frontal element which drove him to the terror as Kirov portrays how he thought of party members may change ideas of others over his so he had to therefore eradicate them hence accounting for the terror which transpired. Although this cannot be fully noted as simply as fear because relating back to the fact Kirov received more applause could show that his death and the purges were a result of Stalin’s irrational jealousy of others and not fear, he wanted to ensure he remained top and was jealous of any who even mirrored in the slightest his appraisal.Contrary to jealousy, a factor which heightens the portrayal that fear and suspicion were the driving force is the rise of fascism at the time. In March 1936, just before Stalin sprung his terror on the party and military, Hitler reoccupied the demilitarised zone of the Rhineland and much to Stalin’s disarray his supposed western allies did nothing but idly stand by. This may have created fear in Stalin and alarmed him of the fascist threat spiralling into him attempting to liquidate not only his external but also his internal enemies.Combined with this it has been postulated that he was haunted by the fate of Nicholas II who had been brought down by a mixture of internal and external enemies, with this in his mind Stalin would not want to suffer the same fate hence we see how he would have been fearful of this possibility. Supporting this is the fact that in August 1936 Zinoviev and Kamenev were pulled out of prison and put on a show trial, accompanied by 14 other oppositionist group members in the party.From this we can deduce that suspicion was a driving factor in Stalin’s motivation for the purges because he was obviously mindful of the past which led to him to prevent it from happening- and this meant the terror which he unleashed on the party to prevent this and also on the military to prevent the new force of fascism seeing to his downfall (so yet again mindful of the external threats fuelled by his fear).In agreement with this idea is the fact that from members of the central committee in 1934 by 1938 70 percent of them were dead, if we link this back to the as fore mentioned idea that Stalin planned the murder of Kirov, we see an un disputable depiction of Stalin’s terror unleashed on the party and because of the former it was fuelled by his fear and contrite of potential downfall at the hands of others and he did see an apparent  threat in the form of members such as Kirov.In stark contrast, it cannot be regarded that Stalin’s fear and suspicion were the soul contributor to the extent of the terror; Stalinâ⠂¬â„¢s very personality is notably a dominant factor to the outbreak of the terror. Stalin’s cult of personality refers to how he dominated every aspect of Soviet life, he was no longer a leader but an embodiment of the nation itself- communism was now what Stalin said and did.One famous Russian politics of the time Khrushev who went on to lead the soviet union during the cold war and who had worked with Stalin stated that â€Å" Stalin is hope, Stalin is expectation†¦. Stalin is our victory†. From this account it begins to enlighten us to how Stalin must have been a rather self-absorbed man, this is displayed by firstly on Stalin’s 50th birthday in 1929, a huge all day parade and celebrations were held were tanks and soldiers were deployed to march through the streets and on may day celebrations planes flew overhead with portraits of Stalin.Through this depiction of how his cult of personality presented him as this man who highly thought of himself it pres ents how he idealised himself as the hero of the revolution, a genius who alone could take Russia forward to socialism and effect the transformation of the country, and who therefore could not be thwarted.Not only do this ideas contrast such that he was fearful, because as he thought of him-self in such prestige and being so powerful he had no reason to fear and consequently this could not have been the reason for his terror, but it also provides an explanation to why he had to get rid of the Bolshevik who knew that he was not this all-encompassing hero, because they would still have Lenin’s testament in their minds where Stalin was denounced by the man the Russian people saw as a God, so they would not accept him in the light he saw himself and may try to thwart him therefore this lead to his purges because he wished to maintain this cult of personality which resembled him as a demi God and it was in such interests security that he purge the party of either those who may dis agree or those mindful of times of the power struggle where the testament was revealed.However, Stalin’s personality is said to account for his suspicion which may have led to the terror as he was described as being deeply suspicious, verging on paranoia. Referring back to Khrushchev he reported that Stalin was ‘a very distrustful man, sickly suspicious, seeing everywhere about him â€Å"enemies†, â€Å"double dealers†, and â€Å"spies†. Combining with this, the suicide of his wife on the 8th November 1932 which will have convinced him even more that those around him would betray him because the women closed to him has resorted to killing herself which he will have seen as her rejecting his ideals and thus betraying him, it meant his personality became deeply suspicious.So although his personality does partially portray ideas that it was Stalin’s own ego which fuelled the terror, there was definitely and element of suspicion because of past e vents and how his peers regarded it as being natural to his personality. Alternatively, the terror can also be seen to mimic the cunningness Stalin showed at the time of the power struggle where he outwitted his opposition and thus eliminate them leading him to gain control of the communist party. First off this can be shown by the fact he wished to keep the party under his full control so he could therefore carry out his policies end edicts without question, keeping the party in a constant state of insecurity ( who would be arrested or denounced next? ) was a way of keeping control.This can be seen most by the nomenklatura around the central committee: allowed Stalin to keep his lieutenants guessing about whom he would adopt as ‘his people’. So the purges of the military allowed for this, so through this it shows Stalin’s cunningness being a reason for the purges because he used them to keep those higher up in line. However, yet again this can be seen to also mi rror the fact in how Stalin felt threatened by the growing opposition to him in the 1930’s thus it portrays how fear is still a root element to thee purges because despite his cunningness being apparent it still all comes back down to his fear as being the intrinsic reason for the terror.Contradicting this still is how Stalin’s cunningness and intellect can be seen to have instigated the purges because of the economic difficulties the Soviet Union faced at the time. Production figures from the five year plans were beginning to level off and fall behind schedule , there had been a bad harvest in 1936 (just before the start of the terror) and Stalin’s management of the economy had been criticised heavily. Stalin through the purges of the people adopted scapegoats for these failings and allowed him to pin problems on so called ‘wreckers’. Thereby Stalin was also able to shake up managers and workers which made them work much harder as they did not want to face accusation – this tied in with the Stakhanovite campaign of 1936.The terror allowed Stalin to increase workers to be more productive and encourage them to be Stakhanovite’s and demand more tools and materials to increase production rates, Through this we can see how the terror amongst the workers was fuelled by Stalin’s cunningness to manipulate the workers into working much harder and reeking greater results for Russia, so it would seem that part of the reason for the terror is in fact drawn from Stalin’s intellect and cunningness supposed to the fear and suspicion that drove the purges in other sectors. Overall Stalin’s fears and fears and suspicions heavily contributed to the terror within the USSR from 1936-39. It was the fear of losing control of the party to numerous factors such as fascism and rejection of his ideology which led him to purge the party and military.Although the purge of the workers is prominently a result of Stalinâ €™s cunningness to manipulate them in order to gain greater results in an attempt to meet his five year plans, it is the suspicion which we saw evident after the murder of Kirov that led him to purge his own party first of all and the fear of external and internal threats which led him to purge the military. In conclusion fear and suspicion heavily contributed to the extent of the terror from 1936-39 as it is so evident from the party and militarily, but it still must be acknowledged that it was not the sole reason as Stalin did cause some terror amongst workers as a result of his intellect not fear, however overall the major factor which lead to the most influential and majority of purges was in fact his fear and suspicions that dwelled with his personality and led to vindictive paranoia.

Advertising & Alcohol Products Essay Example for Free

Advertising & Alcohol Products Essay ? People’s life are built and protected by both us and society. We make our life happiness by enjoy as much as possible qualified products and society which is represented by government ensured the life quality by regulation requesting the obligation from all people towards product’s usage. Nevertheless, in some cases, government has to control and put the enforcement on consumer even if people like to use that product. Alcohol can be seen as a very popular example. People feel excited when use it, but, what will happen if the alcohol consumption increases year by year. As cited by Hall in his research this year, there was 25% increase in liver deaths which is caused by alcohol in last ten years. Not only alcohol beverages but alcohol advertising is interesting as well in attracting people. Therefore, alcohol advertising is now controlled strictly to prevent its bad impact. Government is allowed and able to do this for a better life to UK people. Binge-drinking can be listed as a trouble for middle-aged, middle-class and out-of-control youth in UK. It is worth noting that UK people are one of groups consuming alcohol most in Europe (British Medical Association, 2009). Since, UK government has to consider and find solution for this problem. It can be known that the effect of alcohol is similar to drug as well as tobacco although it depends on the quantities of usage. However, according to BMA board of science, it can be denied that not only drinker but also their relatives are affected by harmful consequences from alcohol such as contributory factor and violence at home. At first, advertising is same as other marketing tools with the aim to persuade people use product as much as possible. In the situation of alcohol, Advertisement increases consumer’s conceptions about alcohol which can promote them buy more. The journal of British Medical Association in 2009 cited the research conducted by Anderson and other researcher s that â€Å"alcohol marketing and promotion relate to the likelihood that adolescents will begin to use alcohol and drink more if they are already using alcohol†. Jernigan (2010) suggested that a mix of unmeasured activities relating to cultural, religious and regulatory context is used by alcohol companies. Advertising approach consumer, especially the Youth in many ways: marketing on Television, newspaper, sponsorship for sports, music, and cinema. The image of alcohol impresses people day by day encouraging them use it naturally. As a result, these activities impacts making decision of the youth in alcohol purchasing because culture, religion and regulation contribute strongly to the growth process of young people. Moreover, The high rate of alcohol beverages advertising’s appearance in public encourage people use it regularly for entertainment and daily usage which will result in bad effect on people life and society. This present can make people see wine, beer as a daily product. The greater availability of alcohol advertising is the reason why people under 23 years old continue to raise their drinking behavior (Jernigan, 2010). The high alcohol consumption of much means their health will have problem as well as the ability of causing violence or crime can be increased in society. Therefore, alcohol advertising should be limited like tobacco so that people will realize that the former also has bad effects as the latter. Although alcohol is still a product and beverage companies have right to advertise, this is sensitive one so that government should control for a safety of people life. The limitation of alcohol advertising will help government protect people’s health and social security. There will be no more crime which is relevant to alcohol. The health of people will be ensured. Let’s take Denmark as an example, this country only accepted broadcast advertising on low alcohol-content products and the rates of alcohol intoxication was reported highest rates at that time among European countries (International Center for Alcohol Policies) Wilby (2008) proposed that people are heavily impacted by advertising due to they are freely to accept information provided by other agents. Therefore, governments should be allowed to control advertising and able to manage the advertising of alcohol beverages companies by using advertising regulation, sign agreement with alcohol beverage companies and advertising agency or control newspaper and broadcasting agencies. He also suggested that governments can put enforcement on the advertising of cars, alcohol, junk food and other potentially dangerous products as the same way they used to work towards tobacco advertising. For example, as established in Advertising Standard Authority, in UK, â€Å"alcohol marketing is required that ads not link alcohol with sex, social success, youth culture or juvenile behavior.† (Hall, 2012) Enjoy the life as well as using entertaining product freely is demand of all most every people. On the other hand, alcohol beverage companies are also absolutely right when they want to provide as much as possible good alcoholic beverages for their consumer. Nevertheless, it is necessary to have a third party which is governments of countries in general and U. K government to put alcohol advertising under the control. They can set regulation and request that alcohol companies follow it strictly. Advertising & Alcohol Products. (2017, Jan 06).

EA Sports Games Competitors Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EA Sports Games Competitors Overview - Essay Example It is the third fastest growing industry in the entertainment and media market field, and the key companies in the industry are Sony, EA Sports, Microsoft and Nintendo. The Electronic Arts Company competes with other companies in this dynamic video and highly competitive games industry. There are very many companies worldwide engaging in the business of distribution, publishing, marketing and the development of video games – the business that EA engages on. The direct competitors of the company are Activision Blizzard incorporated, the Nintendo Company, Konami, Ubisoft, Vivendi, Take-Two and in the online games its competitors include Gameloft and Glu Mobile. Competition in this unique industry takes different forms and strategies and the rivals adopt their own unique strategy of increasing their market share, their revenue and image. Since this an interactive industry the company that adopts the most finesse products ends up with these benefits as they have been mentioned abo ve. In order to cushion themselves from the intense competition companies in this industry have resulted to mergers and acquisition to enhance their economic status in the industry and market. Comparison among these three industry key competitors reveals that revenue comparison, EA sports made$ 3.9 billion while Activision Blizzard Company and Nintendo Company 4.86 billion and 8.06 billion respectively. However, despite these huge profits with the entry of many entrants in the market, these profits will dwindle as they have cheaper., more technologically advanced, and better games as compared to these main players in the games industry. Currently the EA(sports) company is the largest independent publisher by sales volume, the company control a worldwide market share of 19.9% compared to other companies such as Japanese Konami which controls 19.7% . The others are Activision Blizzard which controls 9.7%, Vivendi controls 6.9%, Take-Two controlling 6.3%, Ubisoft controlling 5.8%, the rest control the remaining 31.5%.Video games appeal to two

Safety Legislation Writing Project #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Safety Legislation Writing Project #2 - Essay Example This will involve educating the employees on the hazardous chemicals and how to avoid their impacts while they are undertaking their duties. As depicted by 29 CFR 1910.1200, my focus will be to ensure that all the employees are aware on how to undertake a first aid process before a medical attention is sought. The second step is to initiate an emergency action plan. Thirdly, is to establish a fire safety plan. In this way, fire related incidents will be dealt with in an appropriate way. My fourth step would be to come up with an exit route. In this way, my organisation will be compliant with OSHA requirements of establishing an exit route in every building (United States Department of labor 14). Fifthly, I would establish a walking surface. Such surfaces will be vital in reducing the number of accidents that may be as a result of falls and slips. My sixth step would be to establish a first aid kit. In this way, employees who may be injured in the cause of their duties will have an op portunity to be treated before going for further medical check up. Safety profession involves offering appropriate protection to all the employees against any kind of harm while undertaking their daily duties. By use of various aspects from different fields such as health, education, psychology and engineering among others, safety professionals are paramount in preventing occurrences of accidents in an organisation. One of the major fields that are imperative in ensuring that matters relating to safety profession are well addressed is the safety science. Safety science involves all activities that are undertaken to prevent accidents, illnesses, explosions and fire among other events that may harm employees and the environment. In the same way, safety science gives the safety professionals skills to evaluate and identify hazards in the work places. Additionally, safety science provides effective methods that managers should use in setting policies that relate to safety. In

The causes of NBA 2011 lockout Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The causes of NBA 2011 lockout - Research Paper Example The whole world gets affected when the economy of the US is affected. The recent lockout in the NBA has made things much worse for the economy of the US; it has slowed the growth even further. The lockout refers to players unanimously deciding not to play for their respective clubs; during this period no player will move from one basketball club to another which means there will be no transfers and which further implies clubs will not be able to make money when there are no transfers. All this started when players were forced to accept a pay cut by the NBA stating that they have suffered hefty losses, the players decided to protest against it and they certainly want what they deserve. â€Å"Without question, sporting events generate sizable, if often overstated, amounts of game-day spending in cities. According to the  Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, for example, every Oklahoma City Thunder game pours $1.3 million into the local economy. As  The Atlantic  recently pointed out, Spurs games generate $95 million for San Antonio, the Portland Trail Blazers made a $2 billion local impact between 1970 and 2004, according to a study, and in 2010 the Greater Memphis Chamber of Commerce estimated that the Grizzlies and their arena, the FedEx Forum, general an annual economic impact of $223 million.† (The NBA Lockout) The economy of the US is severely affected because when there are no games played, no revenue whatsoever is generated. Fans buy tickets and other merchandise on match days and this is how the money is generated but the fans would not have to buy tickets when there are no games played in the NBA. It has been reported that billions of dollars have already been lost because they players have decided not to play any pre-season games and this is certainly very bad for the economy of the US. â€Å"This labor disagreement not only puts the

Criminal Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Psychology - Essay Example Theoretically, it is comparatively a new discipline and the product of post WWII era, when the renowned psychologist Langer was instructed, by the British Government, to explore criminal stimulus behind the personality of German Chancellor Adolf Hitler. (Quoted in Wikipedia.org) But in practice, it is as old as human society. The discipline got popularity soon after the psychological investigation of the prisoners of war was started being conducted in England. The basic intention behind it was to assess and estimate the minds of offenders and criminals in order to make laws and establish penalties and punishments on the basis of psychological reasons behind crimes. Crime is a social phenomenon and exists in each and every culture of the world from the most primitive human tribes and clans to the modern contemporary society. With the increase in population of the world at large, the tribes and communities grew widely and developed into society. The crime rate also got its place along with the growth of civilization with an upward trend and increase. The need of rules and system was felt to preserve peace and harmony. Subsequently, social norms, mores and taboos were determined to bring regularity in society. Socio-cultural and political authorities came into being with the passage of time, to evade disturbance and control deviancy from the prescribed manners prevailing in some specific area. Theories were articulated and researches were conducted in order to acquire information and knowledge in respect of motivation behind crime. Abnormal attitude creating public nuisance was declared as crime against the state and its individuals. Durkheim vie ws crime, states Coser (1977:141), as normal in terms of its occurrence, and even as having positive social functions in terms of its consequences. In his words: "Where crime exists, collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form, and

Plantain Vs Banana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plantain Vs Banana - Essay Example The name Musa paradisiaca was given to the plantain group which are cooked and consumed while still starchy† (Robinson 21). Through further classification the two fruits became known scientifically as M. balbisiana and M. acuminata (Robinson 1). Bananas and plantains share the same source of origin in Southeast Asia (Robinson 1). Today, the banana and plantain are abundant in slightly different parts of the world. Historically, the banana traveled from its origin to more tropical climates around 500 A.D, then ended in the Caribbean and South America about a thousand years later (Robinson 14). Most modern bananas are grown in the Caribbean region. In contrast, the plantain traveled from its origin of Southeast Asia and is now produced primarily in South America. Physically, bananas and plantains appear similar except for their color. Bananas are typically yellow when ripe and green when not ripe. Plantains are green when not ripe and black when ripe. A plantain is longer than a banana, and has a thicker skin (Chiquita Bananas). The major differences between plantains and bananas are their taste differences and their popular uses. Although they appear similar on the outside, inside they are quite different and are used for different purposes. According to the Chiquita banana website, bananas are much sweeter than plantains and are typically eaten raw (Chiquita Bananas). Bananas are considered a fruit while plantains are considered members of the vegetable family. Plantains can be eaten raw, but are mostly eaten when they have been steamed, baked, boiled, or fried. Plantains are used as though they are a vegetable and are a staple in Central American and South American diets. Interestingly, plantains are produced primarily in South America and consumed locally. â€Å"Only 1.62% of the world plantain production is exported† (Robinson 6). Bananas became popular in the United States after they started being imported

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

Discussion - Assignment Example Instead, the two argue that the figures are too inflated to be real. For instance, Kal Raustilia and Chris Sprigman argue that the loss of 750,000 American jobs is double the number of employees in the entire filming industry, in 2010 (Raustilia and Sprigman, 1). Kal Raustilia and Chris Sprigman cite Tim Lee’s observation that statistical provisions as these have been characterized by methodological problems such as estimation and double and triple counting (Raustilia and Sprigman, 1). Nevertheless, in a more interesting twist, Raustilia and Sprigman charge that there are no losses which are incurred from downloading. Partly, this is because there are some cases of piracy which substitute for legitimate transactions, according to Raustilia and Sprigman. The two observe that even in some instances, even the people who sell audio or audio visual products never bought them, but instead pirated them (Raustilia and Sprigman, 1). Raustilia and Sprigman also argue that Internet piracy also disaffects the volume of sales in the job market, and the money that piracy may lead to increased savings. With increased savings come other values such as business ventures and increased entrepreneurship (Raustilia and Sprigman,

Do Childrens Feet Grow with Age Essay Example for Free

Do Childrens Feet Grow with Age Essay Newman (2011:35) states ‘older kids have bigger feet’. This experiment will explore through an investigation whether childrens shoe sizes do get bigger as they get older. In order for this to be proven, data needs to be collencted, this will be done so by going into a local school and verbally asking pupils and their parents what shoe size they take. The main objective of this experiment if to find out if the hypothesis is correct or incorrect. Aim The aim of this experiment is to determine whether childrens shoe sizes get bigger as they get older. The hypothesis will be tested by completing an experiment, then by examining the results it will be seen whether the hypothesis was right or wrong. Hypothesis – As children get older their shoe size increases Null Hypothesis – As children get older their shoe size does not increase. Method It was decided to collect the data in form of a simple table. This was decided because only certain information was needed about an age and shoe size, therefore a questionnaire would not be suitable. Also, considering the investigation was mainly aimed at children, the table was the simplest way to collect the data. It was decided to ask the parents of the younger children what their shoe size was as it was assumed most younger children would not know their shoe size. Design and Materials The type of study completed is one which gives an outcome of qualitative data. Furthermore, this can then be shown to be ‘continuous data’, where the data can fall anywhere over a certain range and the scale is only restricted by the accuracy of measuring, in this circumstance, measuring children’s shoe sizes (Mathematics Enhancement programme 2000).

The effectiveness of leadership in organisations

The effectiveness of leadership in organisations Effective SUCCESS, LEADERSHIP and COMMUNICATION is essential for an organisation to function efficient and reach their target goals.Organistion is made up of many system that may affect and influence each other such as polices, individual actions, existing methods and external constraints Success in an organisation depends on individual and how members work in close coordination and harmony. So, in an organisation a clear success, leadership and communication strategies should be satisfying to enhance the participants skill level, productivity, and time management. Leadership development for public sector managers has developed in the past two decades, across the united king and global organisation. (Pederson Hartley, 2008). Managers capability to influence organisation participant through leadership will assist to decide the extent both them as a whole achieve their goal (Hicks gullet, 1981). The most important aspects of leadership are mission, passion, vision, leader, compassion , inspiration, motivation and commitment. A good leader in an organisation should know when a given function is necessary (Adair, 2009). Effective Communication helps to show performance feedback, influencing others, handle peoples angry and to meet up with emotional undercurrents of conservations in an organisation. Communicating to an angry individual is major problem of firms and managers face in an organisation. (Gordon, 2004) However, this critical review discussed the management of theories of success, leadership and communication in an organisation. Furthermore, illustrates the critical review of Alan Sugars opinions of success, leadership, communication in an organisation. It also helps to illustrate better methods to handle success, leadership, and communication in an organisation and management aspect. MANAGEMENT THEORIES: SUCCESS, LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNCATION 1: SUCCESS: From organisation point of view success can be analysis in four keys to success: Theory, Implementation, Evaluation, Resource/System support. These four keys of success can help give details why policies and programs may or may not accomplish the proposed results in an organisation. Theory: This is essential in order to know how to handle problem in an organisation (Anderson, 2005).According to Anderson, A Theory of Change (TOC) is an instrument to enable develop solution to complex social problems in an organisation. The TOC give details how group of early and intermediate articulates system which will occur and identifies the ways connected to achieving the desired long-term change in organisation. Also Theory of failure arises when a program depend on an invalid theory of operation and when the strategy fail to meet up the organisation certain goal. (Wandersman et al., 2005) IMPLEMENTATION: Accord to (Fixsen et al., 2005 P.5) is known as specified set of designed to put into practice an activity or program of known dimensions. Through implementation system are purposeful and implemented activity helps self-governing team to detect its presence and strength in an organisation. The value of implementation is essential accomplishing good success result.(Durlak and Dupre 2008).Also implementation failure of success is due to lack of inadequate training, inexperienced personnel and lack of recourses.(Dalton et al., 2007) EVALUATION: According to (Rossi et al 2004) describes evaluation as social science activity deals to interpreting, analyzing and communicating information with regards to workings and effectiveness programmes of success in organisation. Through evaluation decisions can carryout to enable continuity, expanding and improvement lead to success. Evaluation helps for effective management, administration and accountability in an organisation. Also Evaluation failure of success it is difficult to measure sensitive change and real effect due to poor designed and poor comparison group.(Wanderman et al., 2005). RESOURCE/SYSTEM SUPPORT: Modernization in organisation involves system support. However, quality host is essential to implement programme and strategy. System support deals with technical assistance and training that lead to success in organisation. Resources deals with successfully implementation of technical resources, fiscal resources, and human resources.(Wanderman et al.,2000). Also, System failure of success is due to absence of institutional support for an involvement while resources failure is due to insufficient facilities, lack of fund and lack of human resources to implement quality policy in organisation.(Sarason, 1982) LEADERSHIP THEORIES: Leadership is one the most essential aspect of management work and important for effective management in an organisation. Also leaders and managers helps people to reach their aims with the maximum application of its potential.(Dixon, 1991, p60-61) Leaders in an organisation are faced with certain challenges in leadership styles and managerial skills. Leadership is feature can be develop and practice. According to (Hicks gullet 1981) all theory of leadership is not certainly as correct but it is obvious that contingency theories are the mainly capable. Leadership is about mission and vision of leaders. Different theories of leadership are: GREAT MEN THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is the early stage theory of 19th century by Thomas Carlyle a Scottish. The theory is based on the legendary leaders have to born not made. The theory describes leaders as gallant and they were born with leadership qualities. Also the theory based that great leaders can arise when there is tremendous need. (Bolden et al., 2003). CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: Fiedlers Contingency model presumes that individual performance depends on the technique of leadership in terms of task motivation and relationship motivation. (Fiedler 1964).Among all the theories, contingency theory is the only theory that centred its concept on particular variable related to the environment and has significant meaning. Also the theory focuses on situational variables that forecast effective leadership style to fit special problem in an organisation. (Bolden et al., 2003). DEMOCRATIC THEORY LEADERSHIP: This is the type of leadership that incorporate the members of the organisation in decision making and as well suggestion. This type leadership tend to encourage members dedication to the decisions and enhance the quality of decision in an organisation (Hicks gullet 1981) TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This theory focuses on the relationship between the leader and followers and may also change leader in the moral agent. In this leadership style, the follower and the leader are changed for the better. This motivates and encourage individuals and help the group to perform accurate when is used by the leaders. Transformational leadership is not based simply on power or authority, even though disagreement and power has a role to play in the dynamics of leadership (Burns, 1978). SITUATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is system where management chose a particular leadership that match a particular situation in an organisation.(Hersey Blanchard 1988)situational leadership recommend that leaders should change their styles of leadership based the maturity of the individual they are leading and aspects of task. The theory is more prescriptive and deals with intuitive appeal. (As cited by Shackleton, 1995) COMMUNICATION THEORIES: Communication theory is sample process that should work easily and efficiently and required to formulate the message clearly; using correct medium that will provide easy feedback the information (chlson et al., 2005 p207).Communication is very essential element of management. Exclusive of communication managers possibly will not accomplish their various tasks in an organisation. Communication deals with an exchange of information system and ideas in an organisation with the environment. Successful communication inside firms is very necessary and helps to connect other parts of management process. Through communications managers can carry out their other roles of controlling, planning and organizing (Dixon, 1991p84-88). Anita cited (project management institute standards committee,1996 ,p103) stated that project communication management deals with the procedure to ensure timely, storage , collection, dissemination, and crucial deposition of project information. Under the theory of communication there is intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) describes intrapersonal communication as communication within ones self, it deals with how individuals analyze others attitudes, behaviour and messages to assign meaning to a given event. (Millar 1978) defined interpersonal communication, as communication between two individuals when they are close in proximity, able to achieve immediate feedback and utilize multiple senses cited by (Dainton Zelley, 2005) UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Berger and Calabrese stated that uncertainty reduction theory explain and predict when, why and how individual use communication to minimize their doubts when interacting with one another. This is guided by three principles that states that (a) retain that the primary goal of communication is to minimize uncertainties that individuals have about the world and habitants (b) the suggest that individuals acknowledge uncertainty constantly and the acknowledge of uncertainty is an unpleasant one.(c) recommend communication as the primary medium for reducing uncertainty. This type of communication belongs to intrapersonal communication. EXPECTANCY VIOLATION THEORY: According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Burgoon stated that expectancy violation theory describes individuals attribute to the violation of personal space and also nonverbal of violations of physical space. Expectancy deals with people anticipation of what will happen on particular situation and based on idea of social norms. This type of communication theory belongs to intrapersonal communication. POLITENESS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton zelley, 2005) cited Brown and Levinson stated that politeness theory simplifies how we manage our own and other individuals identities through interaction, by applying politeness strategies. This theory determines WHY, WHEN and how interpersonal interaction is constructed through or from absence of politeness. This type of communication belongs to interpersonal communication. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton zelley, 2005) describes this theory as a broad approach used to explain and predict relationship maintenance in an organisation. This theory is invented by Thibaut Kelly 1959.Social Exchange Theory simplifies when and why individuals constant develop some personal relationships while ending others. With regards to the name of theory suggests, an exchange approach to social relationships is much like an economy based on the comparison of costs and rewards. This theory belongs to interpersonal theory of communication. SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Stolar, 2002) describes the theory as communication process of achieving greater degrees of closeness or intimacy with another individual. This theory increases understanding of why and how some relationships become close and other relationships do not. This theory was invented by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973.This is very significance theory to research on because it gives details why people form the intimate relationships that the do and why and how this process occurs over time. This theory belongs to interpersonal communication theory. RELATIONAL DIALECTICS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Montgomery Baxter 1996) describes relational dialectics theory as pattern of thinking about human relationships that is highly influenced by dialogic thinking. From the point of view of relational dialectics theory, a social life exists in and through peoples communicative practices, by which individual gives voice to multiple opposing tendencies.(baxter Montgomery 1996). This belongs to interpersonal communication theory. 1: (a) CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON SUCCESS From Sir Alan Sugar, secrets of success he reviews success as a keep on going process and the understanding towards your weaknesses and strengths, rather than being defensive about them. Also he said, the love of what you are doing is the key to success and recommends persistence in learning what you do, even when the going is tough. He acknowledged hard work and hunger as essential to success. Also focuses on flexibility and persistence as key to success. Finally, he mentioned willingness to learn, stamina, self-belief and enthusiasm as way of achieving his success in organisation. From my own point of view, in term of flexibility in business, during early days he engaged in many businesses such as making ginger beer, selling to neighbours and business of under developed camera films, selling to school friends. He was the chairman of the Computer Company and major in Tottenham Hotspur Football club. According to (Upton, 1994) flexibility is the capability to change or react with sma ll penalty in time, performance or effort cost. Besides that, (Mensah, 1989) describes flexibility as capability to respond and adapt to changing business condition within and outside organisation. So Sir Alan sugar was the founder Amstrad that stand as Alan Michael trading and later grown to international consumer electronics, telecommunications and Computer Empire. He pointed out rigid approach as a problem to business and recommend flexibility as the best with regards to workplace success. Furthermore, hard work and hunger was the key to secrets of success of Sir Alan because he refuse to give up, no matter how hard things are. From my understanding, dedication and perseverance are very essential to organisation. Most the successful business men have internal locus of control and hard work and ideas. Then, he commented on willingness to learn, this deals with effort and desire toward your goal. Based on his view on enthusiasm, according to (Koch,1994) stated that the most success ful individuals in business are not the most intelligent and success is all about determination, motivated and enthusiastic for cause. So enthusiasm is linked to his success. Finally, He also illustrated self -belief and stamina as essential to success. CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON LEADERSHIP: This critical review shows Sir Alan Sugar ideology of leadership and shows the strengths and weaknesses. Sir Alan describes leader as they tend born not made up and also describes leadership as having personality and charisma qualities. Besides that, for effective leadership you need to be disciplined in self -management and you have to motivate others. However, the ability to delegation in workplace and have the qualities of inspiration. From my understanding, I disagree with Sir Alan and Thomas (founder of Great man theory of leadership) that said leaders are born not made. According to (Adair, 2009) quoted, Field Marshal Lord Slim There is no nobody who cannot improve their powers of leadership by a little thought and practice. The effective level of functioning and stability can change individuals to be a leader. Also (Adair,2009) quoted, that Field Marshal Montgomery, the other ,great British born leader, was equally convinced that leadership could be developed. According to Ada ir, a young lieutenant said that, by training he increased his morale and powers to leader his platoon, and later his company. However, I believe that leadership can be developed by training and also some individual have instincts and qualities of leadership than others. From Sir Alan Sugar critical review he said, that he is great believer in making sure everyone knows what is going on and credit is given when it is due. Judging from above he applied democratic theory of leadership in his management where the employees are involves in decision making and as well suggestion. According to (Hicks Gullet 1981) stated that democratic leadership tend to encourage members dedication to the decisions and enhance the quality of decision in an organisation. (Wilcken, 2010) cited (stone Patterson, 2005) transformational leadership theory deals with progress and development and suggest individual to work together to create greater development of the organisation. Furthermore, Sir Alan acknowl edged delegation and motivation as essential to his leadership style. To be good a leader, is vital to delegate your plan properly and motivate your staffs. According to (Fiedler, 1964) Contingency theory presumes that individual performance depends on the technique of leadership in terms of task motivation and relationship motivation. Dixon (1993) cited Adair, stated that, there are variables in any work situation such as task needs, group needs and individual needs. Obviously Sir Alan Sugar exercises his task needs and group needs efficiently to achieve his business dream. According to (Dixon,1993) delegation is the heart of management process. During Sir Alan days in the company, transport section is taking most of his time; he decided to delegate it to another individual with regards to tackle most important elements. Finally, according to (Shackleton,1995) stated that charisma is essential but not sufficient component of transformational leadership. Most people like, movie star s are charismatic but have no to transformational effects on majority of follower CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON COMMUNCATION: According to Sir Alan sugar point view on communication, he describes communication essential to good leader in a workplace. He further, describes communication to be concise, precise and to the point. Besides that, he focus on facial expression and body language when pass communication. He also commented on, feedback and negotiation skills during communication. Besides through the use of e-mails Sir Alan was able to communicate his staffs. Furthermore, observed persistence and self-belief and power of silence in negotiation during communication. According to Sir Alan Sugar, to communicate well is central well if you are to be a good leader and rise to the in the organisation. This means you must be able to communicate efficiently and quickly in an organisation. (Wilcken, 2010)cited David Collinson that stated relational dialectics theory of communication , as dialectical perspective can facilitate new way of thinking about complex, shifting dynamics of leadership (p1422).However, Si r Alan said ,message need to be concise , precise at the point and this applicable using e-mail to transmit information for businesses. Based on this point, according to (Green, 2006) recent public relations communication practice focuses solely information like features, facts, brief, details to the subject and information content in your message should play a supporting role in your message, and the sum of the message. From above, uncertainty reduction theory of communication deals with when, why, and how individual use communication to minimize their doubts when interacting with one another (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Berger and Calabrese. According to Alan sugar, is essential to be watchful of your facial expression and body languages during getting the message across. However, the word communication from Latin point of view communicare means to share together. So communication challenge begins with knowing your audience needs and also you need be receptive and sensitive to ot her individuals body language. Also you to be conscious of signals and actions during transmitting message to audience. According to (Green, 2006) as cited Albert mehrabian (1972) stated the 52 per cent of information about individual from body language, while 35 per cent from their tone of voice and only 7 per cent from the words they use. Beside, in term of feedback, communication transactions are between equals and non equals, so is necessary to take of relative status of partners in the relationship and impacts on the communication (Green, 2006).so, feedback played a good role to Sir Alan management system. Then, negotiation skill is necessary, through this method Sir Alan was able to overcome problems his company and everyday life. CONCLUSION: However, good management depends upon good communication and leadership in an organisation. So, many barriers prevent good communication such as lack of clarity in message, the different background of people and lack of openness to information and suggestions. The communicator should be aware of all these barriers and implication of actions. According to (chelsom et al, 2005 p204) describes communication as critical interaction of individuals to group of people undertaking a variety of activities and most particularly to trying to coordinate their work towards a common objective. Besides, many the leadership theories concentrate almost exclusively upon the leader and follower relationship and give little attention to lateral and upward directed interaction. A quality leadership is one the most essential factors on determining the success and survival of groups and organisations. Leadership is about recognizing a goal and being to influence and motivate individual towards attaining it . Finally, to facilitate success in an organisation, there is need to select numbers potential early successes and work on them to determine the future success. REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRAPHY Adair J.(2009) Effective leadership .London, Pan MacMillan Ltd. Burns, J. M. (1978), Leadership, Harper and Row, New York, NY,. Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. and Dennison, P.(2003). A review of leadership theory and competency framework.UK Chelsom.J., Payne A., Reavil L.(2005) Management for Engineers, Scientist and Technologists: 2nd ed, England; John Wily Sons Dalton, J., Elias, M., Wandersman, A. (2007).Community psychology: Linking individuals and communities (2nd ed.).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Daiton M. Zalley E.(2005 ) Applying Communication Theory For Professional Life. USA, Sage Publication Dixon R. (1991) Management Theory and Practice. England. Calys Ltd (p84-88) Durlak, J. A., DuPre, E. P.(2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 689-708 Fiedler,F. E. (1964), A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited, pp. 149-190, New York. Academic Press. Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M., Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network. Gordon J. (2004) successful communication skill-building tool.USA, john Wiley sons,Inc p85-86 Green A. (2006) Effective Personal Communication Skills for Public Relations, Britain USA, Kogan page Hicks G. Gullett, C.(1981). Management. 4th ed. Singapore: McGraw -Hill,Inc. p477-500. Koch R.(1994) The Successful Bosss First 100 days. Britain, Pitman publishing Montgomery, B. Baxter,L. (1996). Relating:Dialogues in dialectics. New York: Guilford. Mensah, K.E. (1989), Evaluating information systems projects: a perspective on cost-benefit analysis, Information Systems, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 205-17.Available From: [ Accessed 24 November 2010] Rossi, P. , Lipsey, M. , Freeman, H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sarason, S. B.(1982).The culture of the school and the problem of change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Shackleton V. (1995). Business leadership, London, Routledge. Stolar D. (2002)Social Penetration Theory. Upton, D. (1994), The management of manufacturing flexibility, California Management Review, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 72-89.Available From: [ Accessed 24 November 2010] Wandersman, A., Goodman, R. M., Butterfoss, F. D. (2005a). Understanding Coalitions and How They Operate. In M. Minkler(Ed.), Community organizing and community building for health(2nd ed., pp. 292-313). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Wandersman, A., Imm, P., Chinman, M., Kaftarian, S. (2000). Getting to outcomes: A results-based approach to accountability. Evaluation and program planning, 23, 389-395. Project Management Institute Standards Committee., (1996). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (1996 ed.). North Carolina: PMI Publishing Division. Pederson, D. and Hartley, J. (2008), The changing context for public leadership and management: implications for role and dynamics, International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 327-39.

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom Ladies and Gentlemen, you are about to witness a unique event in history. This is the very first and very last time that my wife is going to let me speak on behalf of both of us. Today, so far has been a day beyond my wildest dreams. They say you don't marry someone you can live with - you marry the person who you cannot live without which is very true with Karen. I thought I had prepared myself quite well for today but nothing could have prepared me enough for when I saw Karen walk down the aisle. I thought my legs were about to give way from underneath me. Never have I seen her looking so beautiful. I was overwhelmed to the say the least. I should be used to it now as Karen always dresses to kill, its just unfortunate that she cooks the same way. So my first thank you goes to Karen, my wife, my bride and joy. Thank you for everything you have done. You know everything about me and yet you still said â€Å"I do†. Thank you. GIVE SINGLE ROSE. Ok, now for the rest of my speech. Thanks to Bob for those kind words. I know it must have been hard for you today. Although, when it came to the time for you to walk Karen down the aisle, I could have sworn I saw you running!!! Not sure about this receipt though Bob. READ RECEIPT AND GIVE TO BOB. HAND OUT PRESENT TO BOB AND FLOWERS TO JOSIE Thanks again Bob and Thanks to Josie for making sure he didn’t go on ... ...g this speech, Nicole was just getting over chicken pox and Brooke had just started scratching. I was worried to say the least. I myself have never had chicken pox so I had to stay away from them, which was extremely difficult as I love them both so much. If you could bottle their enthusiasm for this day you would be set for life. I think you will all agree, they look absolutely stunning today. Thank you both. Can I please ask you all to stand and raise your glasses in a toast to the bridesmaids, Nicole and Brooke. Well, that’s me all done. Can I please now ask you all to welcome to the stage, a man who needs no introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.but I will introduce him anyway†¦.my best man and best friend, Marmaduke.

The Massia Cultural Breakdown Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Maasai Cultural Breakdown Paper â€Å"Righteousness exalts a nation, but sin is a disgrace to any people† Proverbs 14:34. This is a quote from a web site (http://www.peopleteams.org/maasai/culture.htm), that defines parallels to the culture of the Maasai. The Maasai Culture is from Southern Kenya. The culture is very family based, with many families being quite large. The Maasai own a total land area of 160,000 kilometers ( http://maasai-infoline.org/TheMaasaipeople.html ). Some of the physical characteristics include, but are not limited to, tall height, long pierced earlobes, and thin bodies. The Maasai have a saying for how they believe â€Å"it takes one day to destroy a house but to build a new one will take months, perhaps years. If we destroy our way of life to construct a new one, it will take thousands of years† (http://maasai-infoline.org/Maasaiceremonies.html). The Maasai culture has been around since the latter part of the first millennium (http://www.environmentalaction.net/kenya/kenya_policy_failure.html). They generally stay in the same area, unless they need to hunt the lion. Only when they are forced out by Westeners or animals will they abondon their homeplace. WORLD VIEW When looking at the World View it is important to remember it is timeless and must represent a fundamental set of assumptions, thoughts and options; how they see the Universe. The World View categories are: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supreme being: Above all, beyond all, Culture. One and only one. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Super natural forces: exist on spiritual plan 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human beings: leader of the tribe 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nature: storms, grass, moon, and stars 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animals: Lions, cattle, 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inanimate: nonliving objects, a special rock. Now we will look at how the Maasai rank and define these categories based on Richard Porter’s research of their World Veiw (Samovar, Porter 2000, p. 90-98). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nature: 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supreme Being: 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human beings: 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animals: 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inanimate: 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Super natural forces: NATURE: The Maasai tribe live in the out-of-doors, literally- so the climate is extremely important. D... ...is tribe for they have survived for over 100 years with only oral traditions, which demonstrate the strength and commitment to their culture. Bibliography Cheeseman, T (2002). Conservation and the Maasia in Kenya. Tradeoff or Lost Mutualism? Retrieved on April 20th, 2002, from the World Wide Web: (http://www.environmentalaction.net/kenya/kenya_policy_failure.html Hamisi, K (2002). Maasai Rituals and Ceremonies. Retrieved on April 22nd, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://maasai-infoline.org/Maasaiceremonies.html Hamisi, K (2002). The Practice of Lion Hunting. Retrieved on April 23rd, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://maasai-infoline.org/lion.html. Martin M (2002). Society-MASAI. Retrieved on April 24th, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860 Samovar, L. R., Porter, (2000). Intercultural Communication A Reader, (9th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company Unknown Author, (2002). Maasai Culture. Retrieved on April 24th, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://www.peopleteams.org/maasai/culture.htm Youngman, J. (2002). The Maasai. Retrieved on April 25th, 2002, from the World Wide Web: (http://www.masai-mara.com/mmmaa.htm

Is Censorship Justified? Essay -- social issues

Is Censorship Justified? Ever wondered the reason behind racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, children committing crime or violence? The main reason is that censorship is not properly imposed or there is a need of censorship in the society. Censorship is the suppression of ideas and information that certain people, individual, groups or government officials find it objectionable, offensive or dangerous on others. There are varieties of other definitions but all have in common the concept of withholding information and/or resources from those who seek it. Hence censorship is essential in society to eliminate discrimination on basis of race and sex, protect children, maintain stability and restore what censor sees as lost moral values. Censorship occurs when expressive materials like books, magazines, movies, videos, music or work of art are restricted to particular audiences based on their age or other characteristics. (http://www.ala.org/oif/intellectualfreedeomandcensorship.html) Censorship is not a recent development. It wasn’t imposed properly or there weren’t strict regulations before. In the article â€Å"Hate Radio† by Patricia J. Williams, the writer says that radio was a powerful source of media. It had influenced a lot of people. The power of media can change the course of history. The host on the radio such as Rush Limbaugh and Howard Stern were also influencing a lot of people. The theme was not merely the specific intolerance on hot topics as race and gender, but a much more general contempt for the world, a verbal stoning of anything different. Most of the audience on this radio shows were white and male. Most of the callers have spent their lives walling themselves off from any real experience with blacks, feminists, lesbians or gays. Rush Limbaugh tell his audience â€Å"what you believe inside, you can talk about it in the marketplace.† Unfortunately what’s inside is then mistaken for what’s outside, tr eated empirical and political reality. Most of the talks on the radio were being racist against the blacks. This had influenced so much that a statistics showed that 53 percent of people in America agree that blacks and Latinos are less intelligent than whites, and a majority believed that blacks are lazy, violent, welfare-dependent and unpatriotic. Hence this stereotype among the people was due to the lack of censorship.(Williams,502) ... ... between exposure to pornography and commission of violence, but this research was conducted in 1993 which is now outdated. Another point, which she emphasized, was that a greater availability of sexually explicit material seems to correlate with higher indices of gender equality. But when the sexually explicit material shows the subordination of women or women presented as sexual object who enjoy pain or humiliation, how can they be equal as men when the men are shown as the gender that enjoys subordinating women. (Strossen,550). Feminist author Diana Russell notes in her book Rape and Marriage the correlation between deviant behavior (including abuse) and pornography. She also found that pornography leads men and women to experience conflict, suffering, and sexual dissatisfaction. (http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/porno.html) Hence censorship is essential in order to maintain peace and stability in the society. It will decrease the crime rates. Children can be exposed to sexual matters in school in a different manner as education. Excessive amount of sexual explicit material would surely be harmful. Censorship does not have a downside and it will be a better society.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Study Guide

To Kill a Mockingbird Study Guide and ActivitiesSHORT ANSWER STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS – To Kill A MockingbirdChapters 1-3: 1. Identify Atticus Finch, Jean Louise (Scout) Finch, Jem Finch, Maycomb, Calpurnia, Charles Baker (Dill) Harris, The Radley Place, Stephanie Crawford, Arthur (Boo) Radley, Miss Caroline Fisher, Walter Cunningham, and Burris Ewell. -Scout- Scout is the Narrator of the story. In the beginning she is going into the first grade, though, for her age she is extremely smart. Throughout the book you begin to realize that Scout speaks her mind, and isn’t timid. She is extremely curious. Atticus Finch- Atticus is Scout’s Father. He is an older man, and because of this, he is extremely wise. When Scout gets in trouble, he doesn’t tell her if what she did was right or wrong. He simply tells her that she needs to see it from the other person’s POV and she figures it out for herself. He is very understanding of his children and is easy- going. He has one brother and one sister Jem Finch- Jem is Scout’s Older Brother and Atticus’ eldest son. In the beginning of the book, he is going into the Fifth Grade. He is very supportive of Scout, and is just as curious as she is. The two of them still have this similar innocence.-Maycomb- Maycomb is where the story takes place.-Calpurnia- Calpurnia, or ‘Cal' as she is sometimes called, works for the Finches. She is what you could call a housemaid. She cleans, cooks and watches Jem and Scout when Atticus is at work. She is a well-respected person even though she is black. Sometimes throughout the book, you will see Cal acting as a motherly figure to Scout-Dill- Dill is a young boy that Scout and Jem meet in the beginning of the book, he is very small for somebody of his age, he is weak. He doesn’t live in Maycomb with Jem and Scout, but he comes down every summer to spend time with them. He is curious.-The Radley Place- The Radley place, is where Boo Radley and his family live. They hardly ev er go out, except to get the paper. The home of Mr. Nathan Radley, who is unfriendly. Nobody ever goes there.-Stephanie Crawford- Stephanie was the â€Å"all knowing gossip queen† of Maycomb. She knew everything about everything.-Boo Radley- Boo comes form a family of â€Å"foot-washing Baptists. † He used to hang outside the barbershops and go dancing with girls; and these things used to be considered as crimes.Since his family was so strict when it comes to religion, his father locked him away in the house in fear of his son going to Hell. Boo (Arthur) is highly misunderstood. Nobody really knows who he is anymore. In the book, he leaves things in a tree for Scout and Jem to find. These were his only means of communication. The children used to describe Boo as a six-foot tall monster that ate neighborhood cats raw. Though none of the things they said were actually true. Boo has one older brother- Nathanial- who appears as a small role in the book who takes care of Ar thur and almost acts as his father.At the end of the book, when Bob Ewell attacks the children, it is Boo who runs out of the Radley House and defends the children by stabbing Mr. Ewell fatally so that the kids could get away with little harm. The sheriff lies to the court about what happened saying that Ewell fell on his own knife, because he knew the court system was unjust and wouldn’t understand what really happened.-Miss Caroline- Miss Caroline is Scout's teacher. She is the teacher Scout hates because she punishes her when she stands up for Walter. Miss Caroline tells Scout to stop reading because she is â€Å"doin it all wrong. â€Å"-Walter Cunningham- Walter is a Cunningham.His family is extremely poor. On the first day of school, he didn’t have his lunch but he didn’t accept her quarter because he knew he couldn’t pay her back. His family is grateful for everything they get. Though they will not repay you with money, they can give you their st ories, firewood, and other things like that to repay you over time. Walter comes over to the Finch’s house on the first day of school for lunch. He pours molasses over his meat and vegetables. At the sight of what Walter was doing, Scout comments that that isn’t normal, but since Walter was a guest, Scout had no right to comment on his eating habits. Calpurnia noticed and scorned her for the incident.-Burris Ewell- Burris Ewell is one of the eight children of Bob Ewell. He had cooties and Miss Caroline sent him away because she was disgusted. He and his family only go to  school  for the first day every year, then leave, and are very proud of that. The Ewell Family is very ignorant and poor, and their father is awfully mean and the town drunk. Burris (like the rest of his family) is incredibly rude, yet doesn't know how to be any other way. 2. What did Dill dare Jem to do? Touch the Radley House 3. What was Scout's first â€Å"crime† at school?Knowing how to read exceptionally well for her age. 4. What was Calpurnia's fault? Scout said it was  Campania’s  fault that she could write. This also caused trouble for her at  school. Miss Caroline asked Scout to tell her father to stop teaching her. 5. Why did Scout rub Walter Cunningham's nose in the dirt? Scout stood up for Walter in class and tried to explain the Cunningham ways to Miss Caroline. For her explanations, Scout got in more trouble with Miss Caroline, so she took out  her revenge on Walter. 6. Scout said, † He isn’t company, Cal, he's just a Cunningham. † What did she mean by that, and what was Cal's answer?After commenting on Walter's unusual eating habits Scout was sternly talked to by Calpurnia. When Scout commented that â€Å"he's just a Cunningham,† it was based on the fact that in Maycomb. The Cunninghams were not looked upon as common townsfolk because of their poor status. She is just repeating what she hears in the community whe re she lives, and really doesn't mean any harm by it. Campania’s reply is somewhat rude. She is quick to correct her. â€Å"Hush your mouth. Don't matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this house's you company, and don't let me catch you remarking' on their ways like you was so high and mighty!You' folks might be betters’ the Cunninghams but it don't count for nothing' the way you're disgracing' them – if you can't act fit to  eat  at the table you can just set here and eat in the kitchen! † 7. What two mistakes did Miss Caroline make on the first day of school? She offered Walter a quarter to get lunch, and 8. Why didn't the Ewells have to go to school? The Ewell’s were given â€Å"special privileges† like missing school because their father was extremely poor and spent all his money on alcohol. They had a very dysfunctional and nobody really wanted to get involved with them. * Chapters 4-7: 1.What did Scout and Jem find in the Radl eys' tree? 2 Indian head pennies, a spelling bee medal, 2 carved dolls, gum, and a watch 2. Identify Mrs. Dubose. An elderly, ill-tempered, racist woman who lives near the Finches. Although Jem believes that Mrs. Dubose is a thoroughly bad woman, Atticus admires her for the courage with which she battles her morphine addiction. At one point they destroy her flower and rose garden and Atticus has the children go over to her house to read to her / spend time with her as punishment. She eventually passes away, and Jem and Scout understand why she was the way she was. . How did Jem get even with Scout for contradicting him about â€Å"Hot Steams? † When it was her turn to ride in the tire, he gave her an extra-hard shove. She ended up in  the  Riddles' front yard. 4. What was the Boo Radley game? It was when Dill, Scout and Jem would act out the stories they heard about Boo Radley. It was a mostly fictional game since there was no proof what so ever that what they were acting out really happened. The would always start with Boo (Arthur) getting sentenced to the industrial school but his father not allowing him to go.The climax then always ended with Boo (always played by Jem) stabbing his father (played by Dill) in the leg with a pair of scissors. They played the game until Scout thought that it would offend Boo and made Jem stop. 5. Identify Miss Maudie. Miss Maudie was the nice neighbor who allowed Jem and dill and scout to play on her spacious yard. she is a widow and enjoys working on her garden and baking the kids cake. 6. What does Miss Maudie think of the Radleys? She thinks they have a right to do whatever they want to do as long as they are not bothering  anyone else, and she believes they have a right to their privacy . Why do Dill and Jem want to give Boo Radley a note? What does Atticus say when he finds out about their plan? They want to invite him out to play with them; they think he might enjoy that. Atticus tells  the boys to leave A rthur  Radley  alone, that if he wanted to be outside, he would. Atticus  also tells them that the proper way to extend the invitation would be at the Radley  front door instead of putting a note on a fishing pole and sticking that through the  window. 8. How did Jem lose his pants? What did he find when he went back for them? Jem, Scout and Dill went to look into the  Radley  house.When they were discovered, they ran. Jem  got caught on the fence, and in an effort to free  himself, he took off his pants and  left them on the fence. When he went back for them, they were mended and folded, sitting  on the fence. 9. What else did Jem and Scout find in the Radleys' tree? They found a ball of twine, two figures (resembling themselves) carved from soap, and a broken  watch 10. Why would there be no more surprises in the tree? Because Boo’s older brother filled the hole in the tree with cement so nothing else could be sent back and forth between him and the children.Chapters 8-9:1. What happened to Miss Maudie's house? What was her reaction? Maudie’s house burnt down. When it happened, she was very upset, but she was calm.2. Identify Cecil Jacobs. Cecil Jacobs is the little boy in the schoolyard that told all the kids Scout Finch’s Daddy defends niggers. Scout almost got in a fight with him3. What â€Å"disaster† happened at Christmas between Scout and Francis? Francis was tormenting Scout saying that here daddy was a â€Å"Nigger Lover†; Scout began to shrug it off because she thought she was too old to fight. But she finally punched Francis.4.What did Scout's Uncle Jack learn from Scout and Atticus? He learned to always listen to both sides of the story from Scout. He learned from Atticus that if a child asks you what something means, always tell them.* Chapters 10-111. What brave thing does Atticus do in Chapter 10? Why are Scout and Jem shocked? Atticus  shoots a mad dog. They are shocked because until this day, they think of  Atticus as  having no real talents or anything to be proud of. He never touched a gun, to their knowledge, and he did not believe in fighting. Thus, they are very surprised to find out about  Ã¢â‚¬Å"One-Shot Finch.2. What did Jem do when Mrs. Dubose said Atticus â€Å"lawed for niggers? † He took Scout's birthday baton and, waving it madly, cut the tops off of all of Mrs. Dubose's camellia bushes.3. What was Jem's punishment? He had to read to her. 4. What did Jem learn from his encounter with Mrs. Dubose and following her death? He learned that people aren't always what they seem, that one can't understand someone else  until one has all the facts, and, most importantly, that there is a different kind of courage  than physical courage.* Chapters 12-141. How does Jem change? Jem  is growing up. He is trying to make sense of things he sees, trying to be like  Atticus, and  trying to put behind him childish games and youthful pranks. Co nsequently, he is moody  sometimes and occasionally seems to lord his authority over Scout. She resents his  new â€Å"airs. â€Å"2. Identify Lula, Zeebo and Reverend Sykes. Lula was the woman at  Calpurnia's  church who made Scout and  Jem  feel unwelcome. Zeebo,  Cal's  son,  makes them feel welcome, as does Reverend Sykes, the preacher at Calpurnia's  church.3. What does Scout learn about Calpurnia? Scout learns that  Cal  leads a double life. She talks and acts like her black friends and neighbors  when she is with them, and she talks and acts more like white people when she is  with them. Scout thinks this is interesting and asks to visit  Cal  at her home one day.4. Who was waiting for the children when they came home from the church service? Why had she come? Aunt Alexandra was waiting for them. She had come to stay and â€Å"help out† while  Atticus would  be busy with the Robinson trial.5. â€Å"Aunt Alexandra fitted into the w orld of Maycomb like a hand in a glove, but never into the world of Jem and me. † Explain.Alexandra knew all the proper social things to say and do, and she knew a great deal of the  history of the local families. She joined some clubs and entertained at her home, and generally  did fit right into the town's society. However, Alexandra didn't understand or agree  with the values by which  Atticus  was raising his children. Therefore, she did not understand  the children's behavior. Because their value systems were different, they were more  often than not at odds.6. Atticus and Alexandra disagree about how to deal with the children. How does Atticus handle the situation? Atticus  makes the children obey Alexandra, but he lets them know that their relationship with  him will always be the same as it was. He tries to appease Alexandra when he can, but  on the major issues, he puts his foot down.7. Describe Jem and Scout's relationship through these chapters a s Jem matures. Jem  and Scout seem to grow apart, but they don't really. They fuss more often than they had, mostly because Scout resents  Jem's  telling her what to do. Actually, though, they are still  very close and join forces when their pride is at stake.8. Why did Dill run away from home back to Maycomb?Dill had everything a boy could want, except his parents didn't spend any time with him. He didn't feel like they needed him. He went back to Maycomb because he always saw how much attention Jem and Scout got. He wanted that attention.* Chapters 15-171. What did Mr. Heck Tate's mob want? They wanted to make sure that Atticus and Robinson would be alright2. What was the purpose of Walter Cunningham's mob? Cunningham's mob wanted to get to Tom Robinson to inflict  their own  justice upon him. If that meant they had to beat up  Atticus, they were willing to do that.3. Why did Mr. Cunningham's mob leave? Scout,  Jem  and Dill arrived on the scene.Scout came forwar d, and, while making her entrance  and looking at the crowd, she noticed Mr. Cunningham. She identified him and began  speaking to him on a personal basis, saying she was in his son's class and that he had  come to lunch. She also reminded him that  Atticus  had done some legal work for him. All of these things were said in an innocent conversation to Mr. Cunningham. How could he hurt this man when his kids were right there?4. Identify Mr. Dolphus Raymond. Mr. Dolphus  Raymond was a white man who married a black woman and lived with the black  community. Jem  has heard a story that Mr. Raymond is always drunk. However, we  learn later that this is just an act. )5. Identify Tom Robinson, Mr. Gilmer, Bob Ewell, Mayella Ewell, and Judge Taylor. Tom Robinson supposedly raped  Mayella  Ewell, Bob  Ewell's  daughter. Mr. Gilmer is the prosecuting  attorney. Judge Taylor will be the judge during Tom's trial.6. What was the importance of Mayella's bruises being p rimarily on the right-hand side of her face? Bruises on her right side indicate that a left-handed person inflicted the wounds.* Chapters 18-211. What was Mayella's account of the incident with Tom Robinson? Mayella  said she asked Tom to come into the yard to break up a  chiffarobe.When she went  into the house to get him a nickel, he had followed her in and then he grabbed her around  the neck and hit her. He â€Å"chunked [her] on the floor an' choked [her] ‘n took advantage  of [her]. † Her father came in and was standing over her, and then she fainted.2. What was Tom's side of the story? Mayella  asked Tom to come fix the hinges on the door in the house. Mayella  had saved enough  nickels to send all of the kids out for ice cream so she and Tom would be alone. She asked Tom to climb up on a chair to get a box, and as he stood there, she grabbed him  around the legs.When he hopped down off the chair, she jumped on him. She kissed him  on the side of the face. Tom wanted out and had to push  Mayella  away from the door. She was not hurt. He ran away before Mr. Ewell  could catch him.3. What was Tom's handicap? Why was it important to his case? Tom's left arm had been rendered useless in an accident. He could not have bruised Mayella's  right side and he more than probably would not have physically been able to force  himself on a strong, violently resisting young woman.4. What do Dill and Scout learn from Mr. Raymond? Dill and Scout learn that people aren't always as they appear to be.They learn that Mr. Raymond lives as he does because that's simply what he wants to do. Since people could never  accept that, he gives them a â€Å"reason to latch onto† so they can accept his behavior.5. What were Atticus' closing remarks to the jury? He said there was no medical evidence to suggest that  Mayella  had been raped, that the only  evidence was the questionable testimony of two witnesses. He painted a pic ture of Mayella  as a victim of poverty and ignorance, a lonely young woman who tempted and kissed  a Negro and then had to get rid of him, the evidence, of her crime against society's unspoken  laws.He tried to remind the jury of Thomas Jefferson's words that â€Å"all men are created  equal,† and that their job as a jury was to give a fair trial to the defendant.6. What was the jury's verdict? Guilty.* Chapters 22-251. Why did Jem cry? He didn’t believe that Tom Robinson was guilty because the jury had no real proof. Also, when Tom was convicted, he was amazed that the people he was raised around and grew up with could be so unjust to a man just because of the color of his skin.2. What was â€Å"'round the back steps† when Calpurnia came in on Monday morning? The black community had left all kinds of food for  Atticus  and his family as a gesture of their  thanks and respect of him for his defending Tom Robinson.3. What was the significance of Ma udie's two little cakes and one large one? Maudie  had two little cakes for Scout and Dill, but  Jem  got a slice from the big cake. This was  Maudie's  symbolic way of saying she accepted  Jem  as a young man instead of a  boy.4. Describe Bob Ewell's meeting with Atticus at the post office. Bob  Ewell  wanted to fight with  Atticus. Atticus  just said he was too old to fight, and he walked  away. Bob  Ewell  threatened to get even.5.What is Atticus' reaction to Ewell's threats? He rationally understands that  Ewell  is upset, and he allows Mr. Ewell  the right to be upset. However, he does not believe that Bob  Ewell  would actually do any terrible physical  harm to anyone.6. Alexandra doesn't want Scout playing with Walter Cunningham. Why not? Alexandra thinks the  Cunninghams  are trash because they don't have the â€Å"background† of  the Finches.7. Jem said. â€Å"I think I'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley's stayed shut up in the house all this time . . . it's because he wants to stay inside. † Why does he say that? The world is starting to ook mighty complicated to  Jem. The jury decision, all the talk about  social class and the problem of what exactly â€Å"background† means, and Mr. Raymond's false drinking problem are all weighing on his mind, and he's trying to get things  all sorted out with nice, neat definitions. He is learning that things in the real world just  aren't easy to sort-out and understand.8. Mrs. Merriweather of the missionary circle complains about her cooks and field hands. What does that tell us about her? As a member of the missionary circle, she is very concerned about the personal welfare of  many Africans, but in her own back yard, Mrs. Merriweather  is as prejudiced as she can  be.9. What happened to Tom Robinson? Tom was shot when he tried to escape from prison.10. What more do we learn about Alexandra after Atticus and Calpurnia leave ? Alexandra is given a more rounded personality in this section. We see clearly for the first time  that she loves and is concerned for her brother. We see her take the news of Tom's death  with great difficulty, yet she gathers herself together and carries on with her guests. She seems a bit more human and a bit  more noble  than she has been painted prior to this.11. What did Mr. Underwood's editorial say?Alexandra is given a more rounded personality in this section. We see clearly for the first time  that she loves and is concerned for her brother. We see her take the news of Tom's death  with great difficulty, yet she gathers herself together and carries on with her guests. She seems a bit more human and a bit  more noble  than she has been painted prior to this.* Chapters 26-311. What was Scout's fantasy regarding Arthur (Boo) Radley?2. What did Scout hear Miss Gates say at the courthouse? In class, Miss Gates said, â€Å"That's the difference between America a nd Germany. We are a democracy and Germany is a dictatorship. . . We don't believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced. † What does this tell us about Miss Gates?3. What happened to Judge Taylor?4. What happened to Helen Robinson?5. What was Scout's part in the pageant? She was a ham6. Why did Scout and Jem not leave the school until almost everyone else had gone?7. What happened to Jem and Scout on the way home from the pageant? Mr. Bob Ewell attacked the kids with a switchblade.8. Who saved Jem and Scout? Who killed Bob Ewell? Boo Radley saw what was happening and grabbed the kitchen knife. He ran out and stabbed Ewell to death9. Why did Heck Tate insist that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife? Because if people found out that Boo did it, they would never leave him alone, nor would they understand why he did it.10. Scout arranged things so that â€Å"if Miss Stephanie Crawford was watching from her upstairs window, she would see Arthur Radl ey escorting [her] down the sidewalk, as any gentleman would do. † Why did she do that?11. As Scout leaves the Radley porch, she looks out at the neighborhood and recounts the events of the last few years from the Radleys' perspective. Why

Brave New World

Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. These are professors Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these dict ion words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. † These are professors Brave New World Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. These are professors Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these dict ion words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. † These are professors Brave New World Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. These are professors Through the author’s manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new world’s society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as â€Å"laboratories† and â€Å"microscopes† are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldn't typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these dict ion words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice. Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the building’s name: â€Å"Conditioning Centre. † Its uncommon in most societies if not all for â€Å"conditioning† to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World — â€Å"microscopes,† â€Å"polished tubes,† laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes — conveys Huxley’s concept of a world filled with technological advances. When one reads the words â€Å"Hatchery and Conditioning Centre,† immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the â€Å"Fertilizing Room,† the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison â€Å"bent over their instruments. † These are professors